P. E. Champness

Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book is a practical guide to electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Case studies and examples are used to provide an invaluable introduction to the subject for those new to the technique. The book explains the basic methods used to obtain diffraction patterns with the TEM. The numerous illustrations aid the understanding of the conclusions reached.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Garland Science
• Seitenzahl: 188
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Juni 2001
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 234mm x 156mm x 10mm
• Gewicht: 295g
• ISBN-13: 9781859961476
• ISBN-10: 1859961479
• Artikelnr.: 25154974

Autorenporträt

Pamela Champness graduated from Cambridge University in Natural Sciences (Mineralogy) in 1964 and was awarded a PhD in Mineralogy from Cambridge in 1969. She has recently retired as Reader in Crystallography at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manchester and is now an Honorary Research Fellow. Her main research interests are in the applications of transmission electron microscopy to phase transformations in minerals

Inhaltsangabe

Abbreviations
List of symbols
Preface
1. Diffraction and the electron microscope
How a lens forms a diffraction pattern
Introduction to diffraction in the TEM
SAD in the TEM
Low
(or small
) angle diffraction
Limitations to the accuracy of selected
area diffraction
Diffraction using small probes
Spatial resolution
Problems with specimens
Specimen preparation
Beam damage
Obtaining and recording a SAD pattern in the TEM
Obtaining a CBED pattern
TEM mode
STEM mode
Alignments that are important for diffraction
2. The reciprocal lattice and Bragg's Law
Electrons as waves
Interference of waves
Bragg's Law
The reciprocal lattice
The 180° ambiguity in indexing the diffraction pattern
Diffraction patterns from polycrystalline materials
Diffraction patterns from amorphous materials
Systematic absences
Standard patterns
Cubic patterns
Hexagonal close
packed patterns
Patterns from the diamond structure
Computer indexing of electron diffraction patterns
Input data
Measuring the pattern and indexing it
an example
Calibration of the camera constant
Calibration of the rotation between the image and the diffraction pattern
Using electron diffraction to identify unknown phases
Exercises
3 The reflecting sphere
The reflecting sphere
Obtaining orientation relationships
Second
phase particles or precipitates
Twinned crystals
Determining habit and composition planes
The importance of crystal orientation
Dark
field imaging
Exercises
4 Finding your way around reciprocal space: Kikuchi diffraction
How Kikuchi lines form
The determination of the deviation parameter s
Kikuchi maps and their uses
Finding the exact orientation of the crystal
Exercises
5 The intensities of reflections
The atomic scattering amplitude, f
The structure factor, Fhkl
Systematic absences due to lattice type
Crystal with a simple structure
Systematic absences due to translational symmetry elements
The kinematic and dynamical theories of electron diffraction Measuring the structure factor, Fhkl, and the extinction distance
Exercises
6 Determination of the Bravais lattice, point group and space group
Determination of the crystal system from conventional electron diffraction patterns
Convergent
beam methods
Zonal repeats parallel to the electron beam
Geometry of CBED patterns from HOLZs
The symmetry of CBED patterns
The Tanaka method
Exercises
7. The fine structure in electron diffraction patterns
Double diffraction
Double diffraction of 'forbidden' reflections
Double diffraction of spots from precipitates and twins
Detection of double diffraction in the microscope
Diffraction from small particles
The distribution of streaks in the diffraction pattern
The effects of elastic strain
Diffraction from ordered structures
Long
range order
Short
range order
Periodic and modulated structures
Spinodal decomposition and other compositional modulations
Periodic antiphase domain boundaries
Regular dislocation arrays
Incommensurate structures
Planar and linear defects
Thermal diffuse scattering
Exercises
Appendices
Appendix A: Some basic crystallography
Appendix B: An introduction to space groups
Appendix C: Some useful crystallographic relationships
Appendix D: Relativistic electron wavelengths
Appendix E: Mathematical definition of the reciprocal lattice
Appendix F: Computer programs concerning electron diffraction
Appendix G: Answers to exercises
Appendix H: References
Index.