Anne Dambricourt Malasse
Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 1
A New Glance at the Future of Our Species
Anne Dambricourt Malasse
Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 1
A New Glance at the Future of Our Species
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The future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever. This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered…mehr
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The future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever. This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening - specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis - confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences. Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences - all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destiny
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 256
- Erscheinungstermin: 15. September 2021
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 18mm
- Gewicht: 554g
- ISBN-13: 9781786306067
- ISBN-10: 1786306069
- Artikelnr.: 62231441
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 256
- Erscheinungstermin: 15. September 2021
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 18mm
- Gewicht: 554g
- ISBN-13: 9781786306067
- ISBN-10: 1786306069
- Artikelnr.: 62231441
Anne Dambricourt Malasse is a Paleoanthropologist at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) attached to the National Museum of Natural History, at the Institut de paléontologie humaine, Paris. She studies the straightening of the nervous system in the primate lineage that leads to human posture and questions its future after having demonstrated its embryonic and phylogenetic origin in 1987.
Preface xi Part 1. The Vertical Human: Philosopher of Nature 1 Chapter 1.
Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1.
Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of
beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women
physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of
ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the
world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3.
The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default
20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27
2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from
Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and
rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus,
the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of
medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of
grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of
the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human
Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), father of French surgery with
"more than barbaric Latin" 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514-1564), the audacity
of objectivity in the face of Galen's anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3.
Jacobus Sylvius (1478-1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele
Fallope (1523-1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and
cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c.
1523-1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus
and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius
(1530-1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D'Aquapendente
(1533-1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578-1657):
the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the
embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel
de Zerbis (1455-1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534-1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix
Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536-1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni
Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67
Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of
Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man,
by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare
Vanini (1585-1619), "Prince of the libertines" 75 4.1.3. Man absent from
himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian
dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species
are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85
5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85
5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization
independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a
premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last "internal
mold" created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100
5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to
internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and
Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the
First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner
(1516-1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2.
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), the first natural history museums in Europe
111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592-1631): the first wild
great ape or "Man of the Woods" 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593-1674), the first
description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650-1708), the first
dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), the
classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative
anatomy at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1.
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1799), the occipital hole and the face
unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own
"Nomenclature of Apes" 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722-1789), the first
dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises
of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from
the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and
fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743-1818), a
leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist
audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792-1794) 128 7.1.3. The
premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2.
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the
globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the "Terror" 134
7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier's great comrade and gifted youngster
137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal
composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans
have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between
Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and
macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans' Simian
Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the
audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. "The
causes of the main physical facts" or "what is life" (1780) 148 8.2.2.
Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and
the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and
Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break
with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the
separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155
Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1.
Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2.
Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann
Meckel (1781-1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2.
The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics,
transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion
between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational
plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786-1868) and the "transcendental"
anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867) and the
cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair
of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of
the gorilla, 1847-1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813-1858), a giant step
forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853-1862) 172 9.3.6.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a major study on the relations between the
internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a
lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822-1897), comparative
internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10.
The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 177
10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey
fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842
178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of
Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and
free thought (1848-1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182
10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil
genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) knocked at the
door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A
progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures:
the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse:
the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes
190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles
Darwin's gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand
de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the
20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827-1908), a
palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy
203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816-1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first
bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834-1919), on the way to
formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5.
Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural
selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227
Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1.
Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of
beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women
physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of
ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the
world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3.
The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default
20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27
2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from
Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and
rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus,
the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of
medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of
grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of
the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human
Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), father of French surgery with
"more than barbaric Latin" 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514-1564), the audacity
of objectivity in the face of Galen's anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3.
Jacobus Sylvius (1478-1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele
Fallope (1523-1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and
cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c.
1523-1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus
and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius
(1530-1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D'Aquapendente
(1533-1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578-1657):
the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the
embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel
de Zerbis (1455-1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534-1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix
Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536-1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni
Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67
Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of
Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man,
by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare
Vanini (1585-1619), "Prince of the libertines" 75 4.1.3. Man absent from
himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian
dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species
are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85
5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85
5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization
independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a
premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last "internal
mold" created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100
5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to
internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and
Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the
First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner
(1516-1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2.
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), the first natural history museums in Europe
111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592-1631): the first wild
great ape or "Man of the Woods" 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593-1674), the first
description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650-1708), the first
dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), the
classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative
anatomy at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1.
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1799), the occipital hole and the face
unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own
"Nomenclature of Apes" 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722-1789), the first
dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises
of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from
the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and
fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743-1818), a
leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist
audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792-1794) 128 7.1.3. The
premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2.
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the
globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the "Terror" 134
7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier's great comrade and gifted youngster
137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal
composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans
have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between
Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and
macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans' Simian
Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the
audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. "The
causes of the main physical facts" or "what is life" (1780) 148 8.2.2.
Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and
the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and
Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break
with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the
separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155
Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1.
Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2.
Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann
Meckel (1781-1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2.
The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics,
transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion
between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational
plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786-1868) and the "transcendental"
anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867) and the
cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair
of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of
the gorilla, 1847-1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813-1858), a giant step
forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853-1862) 172 9.3.6.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a major study on the relations between the
internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a
lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822-1897), comparative
internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10.
The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 177
10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey
fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842
178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of
Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and
free thought (1848-1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182
10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil
genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) knocked at the
door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A
progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures:
the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse:
the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes
190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles
Darwin's gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand
de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the
20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827-1908), a
palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy
203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816-1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first
bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834-1919), on the way to
formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5.
Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural
selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227
Preface xi Part 1. The Vertical Human: Philosopher of Nature 1 Chapter 1.
Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1.
Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of
beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women
physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of
ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the
world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3.
The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default
20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27
2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from
Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and
rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus,
the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of
medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of
grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of
the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human
Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), father of French surgery with
"more than barbaric Latin" 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514-1564), the audacity
of objectivity in the face of Galen's anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3.
Jacobus Sylvius (1478-1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele
Fallope (1523-1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and
cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c.
1523-1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus
and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius
(1530-1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D'Aquapendente
(1533-1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578-1657):
the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the
embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel
de Zerbis (1455-1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534-1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix
Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536-1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni
Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67
Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of
Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man,
by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare
Vanini (1585-1619), "Prince of the libertines" 75 4.1.3. Man absent from
himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian
dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species
are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85
5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85
5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization
independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a
premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last "internal
mold" created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100
5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to
internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and
Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the
First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner
(1516-1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2.
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), the first natural history museums in Europe
111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592-1631): the first wild
great ape or "Man of the Woods" 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593-1674), the first
description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650-1708), the first
dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), the
classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative
anatomy at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1.
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1799), the occipital hole and the face
unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own
"Nomenclature of Apes" 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722-1789), the first
dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises
of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from
the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and
fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743-1818), a
leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist
audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792-1794) 128 7.1.3. The
premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2.
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the
globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the "Terror" 134
7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier's great comrade and gifted youngster
137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal
composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans
have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between
Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and
macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans' Simian
Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the
audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. "The
causes of the main physical facts" or "what is life" (1780) 148 8.2.2.
Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and
the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and
Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break
with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the
separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155
Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1.
Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2.
Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann
Meckel (1781-1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2.
The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics,
transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion
between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational
plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786-1868) and the "transcendental"
anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867) and the
cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair
of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of
the gorilla, 1847-1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813-1858), a giant step
forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853-1862) 172 9.3.6.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a major study on the relations between the
internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a
lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822-1897), comparative
internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10.
The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 177
10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey
fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842
178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of
Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and
free thought (1848-1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182
10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil
genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) knocked at the
door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A
progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures:
the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse:
the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes
190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles
Darwin's gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand
de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the
20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827-1908), a
palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy
203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816-1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first
bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834-1919), on the way to
formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5.
Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural
selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227
Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1.
Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of
beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women
physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of
ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the
world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3.
The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default
20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27
2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from
Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and
rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus,
the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of
medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of
grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of
the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human
Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), father of French surgery with
"more than barbaric Latin" 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514-1564), the audacity
of objectivity in the face of Galen's anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3.
Jacobus Sylvius (1478-1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele
Fallope (1523-1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and
cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c.
1523-1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus
and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius
(1530-1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D'Aquapendente
(1533-1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578-1657):
the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the
embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel
de Zerbis (1455-1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534-1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix
Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536-1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni
Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67
Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of
Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man,
by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare
Vanini (1585-1619), "Prince of the libertines" 75 4.1.3. Man absent from
himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian
dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species
are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85
5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85
5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization
independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a
premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last "internal
mold" created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100
5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to
internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and
Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the
First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner
(1516-1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2.
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), the first natural history museums in Europe
111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592-1631): the first wild
great ape or "Man of the Woods" 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593-1674), the first
description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650-1708), the first
dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), the
classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative
anatomy at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1.
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1799), the occipital hole and the face
unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own
"Nomenclature of Apes" 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722-1789), the first
dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises
of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from
the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and
fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743-1818), a
leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist
audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792-1794) 128 7.1.3. The
premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2.
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the
globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the "Terror" 134
7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier's great comrade and gifted youngster
137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal
composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans
have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between
Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and
macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans' Simian
Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the
audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. "The
causes of the main physical facts" or "what is life" (1780) 148 8.2.2.
Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and
the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and
Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break
with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the
separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155
Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1.
Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2.
Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann
Meckel (1781-1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2.
The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics,
transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion
between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational
plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786-1868) and the "transcendental"
anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867) and the
cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair
of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of
the gorilla, 1847-1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813-1858), a giant step
forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853-1862) 172 9.3.6.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a major study on the relations between the
internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a
lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822-1897), comparative
internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10.
The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 177
10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey
fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842
178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of
Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and
free thought (1848-1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182
10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil
genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) knocked at the
door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A
progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures:
the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse:
the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes
190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles
Darwin's gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand
de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the
20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827-1908), a
palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy
203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816-1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first
bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834-1919), on the way to
formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5.
Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural
selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227