Emulsifiers in Food Technology

Herausgegeben von Norn, Viggo

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Emulsifiers are essential components of many industrial food recipes. They have the ability to act at the interface between two phases, and so can stabilise the desired mix of oil and water in a mayonnaise, ice cream or salad dressing. They can also stabilise gas/liquid mixtures in foams. More than that, they are increasingly employed in textural and organoleptic modification, in shelf life enhancement, and as complexing or stabilising agents for other components such as starch or protein. Applications include modifying the rheology of chocolate, the strengthening of dough, crumb softening and the retardation of staling in bread.This volume, now in a revised and updated second edition, introduces emulsifiers to those previously unfamiliar with their functions, and provides a state of the art account of their chemistry, manufacture, application and legal status for more experienced food technologists. Each chapter considers one of the main chemical groups of food emulsifiers. Within each group the structures of the emulsifiers are considered, together with their modes of action. This is followed by a discussion of their production / extraction and physical characteristics, together with practical examples of their application. Appendices cross-reference emulsifier types with applications, and give E-numbers, international names, synonyms and references to analytical standards and methods.This is a book for food scientists and technologists, ingredients suppliers and quality assurance personnel.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1A470670630
• 2. Aufl.
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. Januar 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 249mm x 174mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 852g
• ISBN-13: 9780470670637
• ISBN-10: 0470670630
• Artikelnr.: 41522097

Autorenporträt

Viggo Norn is Managing Director of Nexus A/S, a company which provides R&D, analytical and legislation-related services to Palsgaard A/S, a global food ingredients company. He is based in Juelsminde, Denmark.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv 1 Introduction to Food
Emulsifiers and Colloidal System 1 Viggo Norn 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Food
emulsifiers 6 References 18 2 Lecithins 21 Hanns-Georg Bueschelberger,
Susanne Tirok, Ilona Stoffels and Arnulf Schoeppe 2.1 Introduction to
lecithins and phospholipids 22 2.1.1 Some history 22 2.1.2 Phospholipids 22
2.1.3 Occurrence of phospholipids 24 2.2 Production of lecithins 25 2.2.1
Vegetable lecithin 26 2.2.2 Animal lecithins 27 2.3 Further processing of
lecithins 27 2.3.1 Standardization 27 2.3.2 Modifications of lecithins 27
2.3.3 Solvent extraction 30 2.4 Quality aspects of lecithins 33 2.4.1
Acetone-insoluble matter (AI) 34 2.4.2 Toluene-insoluble (TI) 34 2.4.3 Acid
value (AV) 34 2.4.4 Peroxide value (PV) 34 2.4.5 Water content (H2O) 35 2.5
Physico-chemical aspects of lecithins 35 2.5.1 Solubility in organic
solvents 35 2.5.2 Behaviour in water 35 2.5.3 Melting points 36 2.5.4
Surface activity 36 2.5.5 Lecithins and the HLB system 37 2.6 Applications
of lecithins in the food industry 38 2.6.1 Lecithin in chocolate, coatings
and confectioneries 39 2.6.2 Lecithins in the baking industry 45 2.6.3
Instant technology 50 2.6.4 Emulsions 53 2.6.5 Other applications 58 2.7
Market outlook 59 Acknowledgement 60 References 60 3 Ammonium Phosphatides
61 Viggo Norn 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Production of ammonium phosphatides
62 3.3 Physical and chemical properties of ammonium phosphatides 65 3.4
Food applications of ammonium phosphatides 65 3.5 Other food applications
71 3.6 Summary 71 References 72 4 Mono- and Diglycerides 73 Hans Moonen and
Henny Bas 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 The Products 74 4.2.1 Production of
monoglycerides 74 4.2.2 Molecular distillation 75 4.2.3 Chemical and
physical properties 75 4.2.4 HLB value 76 4.2.5 Addition of antioxidants 76
4.2.6 Legal considerations 77 4.2.7 Behaviour of monoglycerides in the
presence of water 77 4.2.8 Nutritional value 79 4.3 Applications 79 4.3.1
Cakes 82 4.3.2 Margarines and spreads 85 4.3.3 Ice cream 86
Acknowledgements 90 References 90 5 Acid Esters of Mono- and Diglycerides
93 Rolf Gaupp and Wolfgang Adams 5.1 E472a (ACETEM) 93 5.1.1 Chemical
properties of ACETEM 94 5.1.2 Manufacturing of ACETEM 96 5.1.3 Appearance
and physical properties 97 5.1.4 Solubility 97 5.1.5 Phase behaviour 100
5.1.6 Surface-active properties 100 5.1.7 Special properties of ACETEM 100
5.1.8 Safety 101 5.1.9 Typical applications in food 101 5.1.10 Non-food
applications 102 5.2 E472b (LACTEM) 102 5.2.1 Chemical properties of LACTEM
102 5.2.2 Manufacturing of LACTEM 105 5.2.3 Appearance and physical
properties 106 5.2.4 Solubility 106 5.2.5 Phase behaviour 106 5.2.6 Surface
activity 106 5.2.7 Special properties of LACTEM 106 5.2.8 Safety in use 108
5.2.9 Typical applications in food 108 5.3 E472c (CITREM) 108 5.3.1
Chemical properties of CITREM 109 5.3.2 Manufacturing of CITREM 111 5.3.3
Appearance and physical properties 111 5.3.4 Solubility 111 5.3.5 Phase
behaviour 113 5.3.6 Surface-active properties 113 5.3.7 Special properties
of CITREM 114 5.3.8 Safety in use 114 5.3.9 Typical applications in food
115 5.3.10 Non-food applications 116 5.4 E472e (DATEM) 116 5.5 E472d
(TATEM) 116 5.6 E472f (MATEM) 116 5.6.1 Appearance 117 5.6.2 Solubility 117
5.6.3 Safety in use 117 5.6.4 Typical applications in food 118 References
119 6 Diacetyl Tartaric Esters of Monoglycerides (DATEM) and Associated
Emulsifiers in Bread Making 121 Rolf Gaupp and Wolfgang Adams 6.1 What are
DATEM? 121 6.1.1 Chemical characterization 121 6.2 General properties of
DATEM 123 6.2.1 Appearance 123 6.2.2 Thermostability 123 6.2.3 Hydrolysis
125 6.2.4 Storage 125 6.3 Physical and chemical properties of DATEM 125
6.3.1 Physical properties 125 6.3.2 Solubility 126 6.3.3 Mesomorphic phase
behaviour 126 6.3.4 Surface-active properties 126 6.3.5 Safety 127 6.4
Typical applications of DATEM in food 127 6.5 DATEM in the baking process
128 6.5.1 Bread making 130 6.5.2 Flour 130 6.5.3 Interaction of DATEM with
starch 130 6.5.4 Interaction of DATEM with flour proteins 134 6.5.5
Interaction of DATEM with flour lipids 136 6.5.6 Use and action of DATEM
during manufacturing and storage of baked goods 136 6.6 Action of
emulsifiers in fine baked goods 138 6.6.1 DATEM in fine baked goods 139 6.7
Summary and conclusions 141 References 142 7 Sucrose Esters 147 Bianca A.
P. Nelen, Lia Bax and Julian M. Cooper 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Early
history of sucrose esters 149 7.3 Production routes to sucrose esters 150
7.4 Purification methods for sucrose esters 153 7.5 Sucroglycerides and
sucrose ester detergents 154 7.6 Functional properties of sucrose esters
155 7.6.1 Emulsification 155 7.6.2 Interactions with proteins (gluten,
dairy proteins) 155 7.6.3 Interactions with starch 157 7.6.4 Control of
sugar crystallization 159 7.6.5 Aeration and foam stabilization 160 7.6.6
Anti-microbial properties 161 7.7 Physico-chemical properties of sucrose
esters 162 7.7.1 Solubility 162 7.7.2 pH stability 162 7.7.3 Thermal
stability 163 7.7.4 Preparation of sucrose ester solutions 163 7.8 Food
applications 164 7.8.1 Dressing and sauces 164 7.8.2 Confectionery 165
7.8.3 Bakery 167 7.8.4 Icings and fillings 169 7.8.5 Ice cream 172 7.8.6
Special emulsions 173 7.9 Legal status 174 7.9.1 Europe 174 7.9.2 USA 174
7.9.3 Canada 176 7.9.4 Japan 176 References 176 8 Polyglycerol Esters 181
Viggo Norn 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Legislation 182 8.3 Synthesis of
polyglycerol 182 8.4 Synthesis of polyglycerol ester 185 8.5 Properties of
polyglycerol esters 188 8.5.1 Stability 188 8.5.2 Physical properties 189
8.6 Food applications of polyglycerol ester 195 8.6.1 Margarines 195 8.6.2
Cakes 198 8.6.3 Shelf life of baked products 202 8.6.4 Creams and toppings
202 8.6.5 Fats 203 8.6.6 Other applications 203 8.7 Conclusion 203
References 204 9 PGPR, Polyglycerolpolyricinoleate, E476 209 Kim
Christiansen 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Production of PGPR 210 9.2.1
Synthesis of polyglycerol 210 9.2.2 Synthesis of polyricinoleate 211 9.2.3
Synthesis of PGPR 213 9.3 Legal regulation 214 9.4 Physical and chemical
properties of PGPR 215 9.5 Applications of PGPR 216 9.5.1 Application in
food 217 9.5.2 Application in non-foods 225 9.6 Conclusion 226 References
227 10 Propylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters 231 Flemming Vang Sparsø 10.1
Introduction 231 10.2 Chemistry and physical properties 231 10.2.1 Pure,
synthetic propylene glycol fatty acid esters 232 10.2.2 Commercial, mixed
fatty acid esters of propylene glycol 233 10.3 Production 239 10.3.1
Regulatory status 241 10.4 Food applications 241 10.4.1 Aerated bakery
products and cake mixes 241 10.4.2 Sponge cakes, fat-free cakes 243 10.4.3
Dessert products, toppings, non-dairy whipping creams, etc. 244 10.4.4 Ice
cream 248 10.4.5 Other applications 249 References 249 11
Stearoyl-2-Lactylates and Oleoyl Lactylates 251 Troy Boutte and Larry
Skogerson 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Lactylate regulations 252 11.3
Lactylate manufacturing 253 11.4 Lactylate chemistry 257 11.5 Lactylate
applications 258 11.6 Interactions between lactylates and starch 258 11.7
Interactions between lactylates and proteins 260 11.8 Lactylates in
yeast-raised bakery products and crumb softening 261 11.9 Dough
strengthening 262 11.10 Cakes and chemically leavened baked goods 264 11.11
Lactylate use in cookies and crackers 266 11.12 Application of lactylates
in pastas 268 References 269 12 Sorbitan Esters and Polysorbates 271 Tim
Cottrell and Judith van Peij 12.1 Introduction 271 12.2 Historical
development 272 12.3 Production 272 12.3.1 Production of sorbitan esters
272 12.3.2 Production of polysorbates 275 12.4 Physicochemical properties
276 12.5 Emulsifiers in solution 279 12.5.1 Emulsions 279 12.5.2 Molecular
arrangement and Critical Micelle Concentrations (CMC) 279 12.5.3 Effect of
temperature 280 12.5.4 Protein-emulsifier interactions 281 12.5.5
Solubilization and microemulsions 282 12.6 Applications 284 12.6.1 Fine
bakers' wares 285 12.6.2 Bread 285 12.6.3 Active dry yeast 286 12.6.4
Beverages 286 12.6.5 Dairy 287 12.6.6 Margarine and spreads 288 12.6.7
Chocolate and confectionery coatings 289 12.7 Regulations 289 12.8
Toxicology 292 12.9 Concluding remarks 293 References 293 13 Application of
Emulsifiers in Dairy and Ice Cream Products 297 Hanne K. Ludvigsen 13.1
Introduction to dairy technology 297 13.1.1 Milk proteins 298 13.1.2 Fat
298 13.1.3 Other milk constituents 298 13.1.4 Milk processing 299 13.2
Emulsifiers in dairy applications 299 13.2.1 Recombined milk 300 13.2.2
Imitation whipping cream 300 13.2.3 Powdered coffee whitener 301 13.3
Emulsifiers in ice cream 301 13.3.1 Composition of ice cream 302 13.3.2
Functionality of emulsifiers in ice cream 303 References 308 14 Regulation
of Food Emulsifiers in the European Union 309 Frances Hunt 14.1 Safety
evaluation of food emulsifiers 309 14.2 Authorization of food emulsifiers
311 14.3 Food additives in food emulsifiers 317 14.4 Purity criteria for
food emulsifiers 317 14.5 Labelling of food emulsifiers 317 References 319
15 Analysis of Emulsifiers 321 Rolf Gaupp, Wolfgang Adams and Lars Preuss
Nielsen 15.1 Introduction 321 15.2 Official methods 321 15.2.1 Wet chemical
methods 322 15.2.2 Physical methods 324 15.2.3 Instrumental methods 326
15.3 Advanced analytics 328 15.3.1 Molecular spectroscopy 329 15.3.2
Chromatography 331 15.3.3 Mass spectrometry 332 15.4 Choosing the
analytical technique 333 References 334 Index 337