Encyclopedia of Migration
Herausgeber: Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K.
Encyclopedia of Migration
Herausgeber: Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K.
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This International Encyclopedia of Migration will define and explicate terms, concepts and key topics with widespread usage and recurring relevance for learning about and developing the fields of both international and internal migration. With migration being partly defined in the modern era by law and public policy, the subject includes knowledge not only from these areas but also from a full array of academic disciplines. Hence, this encyclopedia will include material from such fields as anthropology, archaeology, criminology, demography, economics, education, ethnic studies, geography,…mehr
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This International Encyclopedia of Migration will define and explicate terms, concepts and key topics with widespread usage and recurring relevance for learning about and developing the fields of both international and internal migration. With migration being partly defined in the modern era by law and public policy, the subject includes knowledge not only from these areas but also from a full array of academic disciplines. Hence, this encyclopedia will include material from such fields as anthropology, archaeology, criminology, demography, economics, education, ethnic studies, geography, health sciences, history, law, linguistics, public policy, political science, psychology and sociology. As migration has been such an important part of the peopling of all parts of the world, this encyclopedia will also include synopses of major geographic movements from ancient and early history. The International Encyclopedia of Migration will be a significant resource for students, teachers, practitioners, scholars and researchers interested in or working on any aspect of migration in any field. It should be particularly useful for people seeking information and knowledge about migration from fields other than their own.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Springer London / Springer Netherland
- 2027
- Seitenzahl: 2000
- Erscheinungstermin: 15. Februar 2020
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9789400727878
- ISBN-10: 9400727879
- Artikelnr.: 34155101
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- 06621 890
- Verlag: Springer London / Springer Netherland
- 2027
- Seitenzahl: 2000
- Erscheinungstermin: 15. Februar 2020
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9789400727878
- ISBN-10: 9400727879
- Artikelnr.: 34155101
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- 06621 890
Dr. Ueda is a historian of the United States and of migration. He has explored global migration and its effects on societies and regions in Postwar Immigrant America (St. Martin's Press) and Crosscurrents: Atlantic and Pacific Migration in the Making of a Global America (Oxford University Press). He studied the role of local migrations in the rise of public education in Avenues to Adulthood (Cambridge University Press). Dr. Ueda was a research editor of the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (awarded the Waldo Leland Prize of the American Historical Association) and co-editor (with Mary C. Waters and Helen Marrow) of New Americans (Harvard University Press). He is also co-editor of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History (MIT Press). Dr. Ueda's research has been supported by fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson International Center, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Charles Warren Center at Harvard. A member of the Tufts History Department faculty since 1981, Dr. Ueda has been a visiting professor at Harvard University and Brandeis University. He is co-chair of a consortium, the Inter-University Committee on International Migration at the MIT Center for International Studies. Dr. Bean is a social scientist with 35 years of experience as a researcher, teacher, administrator and public policy analyst. His PhD is in sociology and his dissertation was written in social psychology. As a graduate student at Duke University, in addition to his work in sociology and social psychology (with Alan C. Kerckhoff, Kurt Back and Edward E. Jones), he took courses in demography and worked on research projects for three distinguished demographers (Reynolds Farley, Nathan Keyfitz and Hal Winsborough), all of whom subsequently became foundational leaders in population studies at prestigious universities in the United States (Michigan, Harvard and Wisconsin respectively). As the founding Director of both the Population Studies Center and the Immigration Policy Research Center at The Urban Institute in Washington, DC, Dr. Bean has also conducted work in and developed extensive knowledge about the economics of population and migration. He is currently Chancellor's Professor of Sociology and Economics at the University of California, Irvine. Dr. Brown is a tenured Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine. She is a sociologist/demographer whose areas of specialization are immigration, residential segregation and urban sociology. As a result of conducting research in these areas, she has also developed considerable expertise in geography and urban policy. In addition to her academic and research specializations, she also brings more than fifteen years of journalistic experience as a reporter and editor starting when she was on the staff of the Harvard Crimson and including nearly twelve years with the St. Louis-Post Dispatch.
TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS: (first draft)
1. Basic Outlines of Migration
Migration comprises a foundational unit of the study of any population.
Measured in conjunction with births and deaths, migration into and out of
any place determines the ultimate size of the population. Migration is a
specialized form of moving that involves distinct components of distance,
duration and residence. Conceptually, migration is often differentiated
into internal and international flows. Internal migration historically has
consisted in large part of continued urbanization of a previously rural
population, but it may also show counterstreams moving from cities to
suburbs.
International vs. internal
o Distance and activity space, duration, and national versus
local boundaries.
+ Change in circulation
+ Partial vs. total displacement migration
o International as product of Westphalian system of nation-states
+ Growth of regulation in 20th century
+ Growth in typologies of migrants
+ Diasporas may exist without nation-state identification
Kinds of migration
o Primitive, or nomadic
o Voluntary, or agent-based, within large groups or clans or
small-scale, as individuals or households
+ Authorized, legal, documented
+ Unauthorized, illegal, undocumented; "aliens"
o Involuntary, or forced, impelled.
+ Displacement, warfare; environmental degradation and
disaster
+ Human trafficking, slavery
+ Refugees, asylees
o Circular, or returning migration, sojourner vs. settler
o Step migration
Non-migration
+ International: students, tourists, business travelers;
foreign-born vs. immigrants
+ Internal: Recurrent movement (commuting, daily crossings,
seasonal work)
II. Measurement of Migration and Statistical Methodology
This topic covers the general demographic and statistical concepts
underpinning migration research. Initially, migration research followed a
standardized set of concepts and measurements derived from demographic
research and often dependent upon the geographical units within which data
are collected. However, the research has expanded into multiple fields with
many methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative.
Demographic concepts
o Flows vs. stocks
+ Areas of origin and destination
+ Emigration and immigration
+ Differential migration
o Gross and net migration
o Components of change (residual) estimation; forward survival.
o Status and propensity rates, probabilities, in-migration,
out-migration rates, net migration
o Estimates and population projections
o Distance, distance decay, gravity models
o Efficiency: ratio of streams to counterstreams
o Migration histories
Economic and sociological models
o Econometric models and general models of inequality, within and
between cities or countries
o Multivariate regression analysis
o Ethnographies
Spatial analysis
o Geographic Information Systems, with database of attribute
information, boundary files, digital map layers, analysis tools
and user interface.
o Political and data units: e.g. wards, counties, metropolitan
areas, states, provinces, nations
III. Migration Data
Migration data vary widely across countries, both in terms of scope of
collection and basic understanding of the definition of migration. This
section examines the types of data collection instruments and their
components.
Censuses
o Frequency, coverage, de facto vs. de jure, usual residence,
field checking, coverage error and content, net and
differential undercounts, continuous measurement, migration
questions, dual-system estimation, demographic analysis
o Types of files and unit coverage: e.g. region, division, state,
county, minor civil division/townships, places, census tracts,
block groups, blocks.
Administrative records
o Population registers, universal and partial; ports of entry
and/or exit, passports and visas issued, immigration yearbooks,
tax records, social welfare/security records, city directories,
postal stops, school enrollments, construction permits, utility
usage.
Surveys
o Sampling issues, sample bias, panel studies, attrition.
Other sources
o Naturalizations and change of migration status
o Apprehensions and deportations; denaturalizations
o Asylee petitions, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
IV. Migration Theories
No one theoretical perspective dominates the study of migration. Rather,
multiple social science perspectives, all relatively new, compete with one
another. This section will cover each theory and the underlying social,
cultural and economic concepts.
Evolution of migration theories
o Ravenstein's laws
o Intervening opportunities (Stouffer)
o Intervening obstacles (Lee)
o Demographic transition
o Population pressure
o "Push-pull"
Classical and neoclassical economics
o Macro- and micro-theory
o Regional labor supply and demand
o Equilibrium wage markets
o Opportunity costs
o Marginal productivity of labor
o Rational-actor and human capital models
o Factor mobility
o Discounted net returns over time
o Expected earnings gap vs. absolute wage differential
New household economics
o Credit and risk markets, insurance for crops, unemployment and
retirement
o Household-level decision making
o Relative deprivation
o Migration and intermediate investment
Labor-market segmentation
o Structural inflation and status (occupational) hierarchies
o Reference wages
o Economic dualism and bifurcated labor markets; primary and
secondary sectors
o Ethnic enclaves and enclave economies
o Demographic shifts in labor supply
World systems
o Historical-structuralist view of uneven development; dependency
theory
o Core-periphery dichotomy
o Brain drain
o Land consolidation and agricultural displacement
o Export-processing zones
o Cultural linkages
o Global cities and hourglass economy
Structuration; institutional theory
o "Structure-agency problematic" (Giddens)
o Intermediary institutions connect potential migrants to jobs
Social networks
o Role of information
o Chain migration, "auspices" of migration (Tilly and Brown)
o Forms of fungible capital: social, human, financial, cultural
+ Enforceable trust
+ Strong and weak ties
o Utility maximization
Cumulative causation
o Social context of migration
o Culture of migration
o Social labeling of jobs
o Migration hump, density function, cumulative density function
Political economy and state structure
o Hegemonic stability in a geopolitical order
<
o Labor importation
V. Migrant Selectivity
Particular types of people are more likely to migrate than others. This
section describes these typologies and the theoretical and practical
considerations of migrants.
Adjustment causes vs. induced causes of residential mobility (Clark)
o Adjustment: Housing/tenure, neighborhood effects, physical
environment, public services, and accessibility, commuting
o Induced: employment, job change, retirement
o Induced: life cycle change
+ Household formation, change in marital status
+ Change in household size
+ Gender, age differentials
Place utility
o Depends on stress threshold function for mobility decision
o Stream of information
o Residential preferences
o Field theory approach to searching
Return migration
o Duration-dependence
o Socioeconomic mobility
o Chronic movers
o Seasonal dependence, snowbirds
Health of immigrants
o Paradox of declining immigrant health in wealthier destination
countries
o Fertility changes
o Reference group changes
VI. Urbanization
For more than a century, the dominant trend in worldwide migration has been
urbanization, so that for the first time in history, more than half of the
world's population lives in an urban area. This section describes the
aspects of urban growth related to migration.
Urban transition
o Rural-urban continuum
o Megalopolis/urban agglomeration
o Transnational urban systems
Degree and pace of urbanization
o Transportation, commuting costs; natural evolution theory
o Fiscal, social stresses
o Land conversion, water availability, infrastructure
Primate cities, megacities, global cities
o Rank-size rule, balanced urban system
Density
+ Crowding, slums, squatters, gentrification
+ Central cities, suburbs, exurbs
+ Urban sprawl, multiple nuclei
+ NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) movements
Theoretical perspectives of urbanization
o Chicago School and human ecology, concentric zones, sector
models; edge cities
o Structural approach; uneven development (Harvey, Lefebvre);
circuits of capital
o Los Angeles school; post-Marxian, postmodernist epistemologies
o Political economy and urban growth machines
o Urban economics
+ Location theories (e.g. least-cost, economic base,
incubator, industrial specializations and nodal metros;
maquiladoras; export processing zones, employment poles)
+ Consumer functions, central place theory, retail
gravitation
VII. Theories of Incorporation
This section describes the best-known theories of assimilation and
incorporation.
Acculturation
o Language acquisition, bi- or multilingualism, Fishman model of
language acquisition
o Customs, values and practices
o Consonant and dissonant
Assimilation
o Classical/canonical accounts: race relations cycle, structural
assimilation, melting pot (triple melting pot), social
distance, social networks, ethnic association, ethclass
o Newer accounts: "Anglo-conformity," straight-line vs. bumpy
line assimilation, neo-institutionalism, incorporation,
immigrant generation.
Multiculturalism and pluralism
o Ethnic construction and reconstruction, panethnicity
o Boundary formation, bounded solidarity
o Symbolic ethnicity; mosaic metaphor
o Visible minorities
Ethnic Disadvantage
o Ethnic hierarchy and structural disadvantage
o Mainstream, "core" society
Segmented assimilation
o Divergent paths
o Downward mobility, oppositional subcultures, neighborhood
effects
o Selective acculturation, ethnic retention
Transnationalism
o Globalization and transnational cultural studies
o Transmigrants vs. diasporas
VIII. Kinds of Incorporation
Immigrants adjust to their destination society in multiple dimensions. This
section expounds on the variety of responses to immigration by immigrants
and the host society.
Identity formation
o Public opinion toward immigration,
+ Negative: xenophobia, alien, prejudice, racism, self vs.
Other, scapegoating
+ Positive: Model minority, "American Dream"
o Multiracial identification; phenotype
o Selective identification
o Hyphenated identification
Socio-cultural incorporation
o Religious and linguistic change
o Ancestry studies
o Second-generation revolt
o Endogamy and exogamy rates
Economic incorporation
o Opportunity structure: blocked mobility, hourglass economy
o Ethnic economy
o Educational opportunity: affirmative action
Spatial assimilation
o Place stratification vs. spatial integration
o Segregation mechanisms: steering, redlining, mortgage
discrimination
o Residential preferences
o Home ownership and suburbanization
Political incorporation
o Non-citizen: legalization, naturalization, civic association
o Citizen: voting, political participation
<
Cultural citizenship
IX. Migration Policy
Policy strongly affects both internal and international migration. This
section describes current and past policies across a range of countries. It
includes legislation, legal cases, specific government offices and informal
policy practices.
International migration
o Entrance policies
+ Health and literacy tests
+ Quotas
o Visa requirements, types of visas
+ Permanent vs. temporary visa types
+ Priorities for admittance, employment categories
+ Family reunification and sponsorship
o Exit policies
+ Deportation and denaturalization
+ Criminalization of immigrants
+ Residence requirements
+ Incorporation policies, job banks and civics and language
training
+ Citizenship
# Jus soli vs. jus sanguinis
# Dual citizenship
+ Guest workers
# Specific flows, e.g. Gastarbeiter, braceros
# Repatriation
# Restrictions on employment
+ Control of immigration
# Border policies
# Bureaucracies
+ Migrants' rights
# Civil protections
# Secondary and tertiary education; tuition
# Access to jobs
Internal migration
+ Home ownership, mortgage interest tax deductions, lending
practices, housing institutions
+ Transportation: commuting, highway systems and public
transportation
+ Job training, job transfers and tax policy
+ Residency requirements (e.g. hukou in China) and floating
populations
X. Global Institutions
A large body of literature covers the global economic and
political institutions that enable transfer of capital,
investment, and the movement of people. This section covers
some of the institutional actors and treaties that have enabled
global movement of goods and people, from the Pax Romana to the
Peace of Westphalia to the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
XI. Fiscal and Economic Aspects of Migration
This section explores the effects of immigration on receiving and
sending countries, to the economy as a whole and as a net fiscal
burden at the national and regional levels.
+ Remittances
# Multiplier (second round) effects
# Short-run income effects (income elasticities) and
income distribution
# Consumption vs. investment uses
# Repatriation of foreign earnings
# Community development
+ Economic effects
# Returns to scale
# Wages of natives
# Productivity of labor and capital
+ Revenues and expenditures
# Welfare expenditures
# Tax streams
XII. Major Migration Streams
A comprehensive account of migration will include the major
migrations of both historical and contemporary times. These will
include international settlements and internal displacements.
Receiving Countries
+ Colonization: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
Siberia, South Africa, Israel, Latin America
+ Contemporary labor importation: Europe, Japan, Middle
East, Africa (refugees)
Sending countries
+ Traditional: Europe, China, India, Philippines
+ Contemporary: East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin
America, Caribbean
Prehistoric migrations
+ Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon
+ Paleo-Indian
+ Indo-European
+ Aboriginal seafarers
Early historical migration
+ Mediterranean (e.g. Phoenician, Greek, Roman)
+ Celtic
+ Bantu
+ Lapita in New Guinea
+ Turk and Mongol, steppe peoples
+ Huns and those they displaced: Goths and Vandals
+ Anglo-Saxon
+ Arab
+ Viking in western Europe and Russia
+ Norman
+ Germans eastward
+ Toltec and Aztec
+ African slaves
Historical diasporas:
+ Jews
+ Roma
+ Italians and other Europeans
+ Chinese
+ Armenians
XIII. Other
1. Basic Outlines of Migration
Migration comprises a foundational unit of the study of any population.
Measured in conjunction with births and deaths, migration into and out of
any place determines the ultimate size of the population. Migration is a
specialized form of moving that involves distinct components of distance,
duration and residence. Conceptually, migration is often differentiated
into internal and international flows. Internal migration historically has
consisted in large part of continued urbanization of a previously rural
population, but it may also show counterstreams moving from cities to
suburbs.
International vs. internal
o Distance and activity space, duration, and national versus
local boundaries.
+ Change in circulation
+ Partial vs. total displacement migration
o International as product of Westphalian system of nation-states
+ Growth of regulation in 20th century
+ Growth in typologies of migrants
+ Diasporas may exist without nation-state identification
Kinds of migration
o Primitive, or nomadic
o Voluntary, or agent-based, within large groups or clans or
small-scale, as individuals or households
+ Authorized, legal, documented
+ Unauthorized, illegal, undocumented; "aliens"
o Involuntary, or forced, impelled.
+ Displacement, warfare; environmental degradation and
disaster
+ Human trafficking, slavery
+ Refugees, asylees
o Circular, or returning migration, sojourner vs. settler
o Step migration
Non-migration
+ International: students, tourists, business travelers;
foreign-born vs. immigrants
+ Internal: Recurrent movement (commuting, daily crossings,
seasonal work)
II. Measurement of Migration and Statistical Methodology
This topic covers the general demographic and statistical concepts
underpinning migration research. Initially, migration research followed a
standardized set of concepts and measurements derived from demographic
research and often dependent upon the geographical units within which data
are collected. However, the research has expanded into multiple fields with
many methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative.
Demographic concepts
o Flows vs. stocks
+ Areas of origin and destination
+ Emigration and immigration
+ Differential migration
o Gross and net migration
o Components of change (residual) estimation; forward survival.
o Status and propensity rates, probabilities, in-migration,
out-migration rates, net migration
o Estimates and population projections
o Distance, distance decay, gravity models
o Efficiency: ratio of streams to counterstreams
o Migration histories
Economic and sociological models
o Econometric models and general models of inequality, within and
between cities or countries
o Multivariate regression analysis
o Ethnographies
Spatial analysis
o Geographic Information Systems, with database of attribute
information, boundary files, digital map layers, analysis tools
and user interface.
o Political and data units: e.g. wards, counties, metropolitan
areas, states, provinces, nations
III. Migration Data
Migration data vary widely across countries, both in terms of scope of
collection and basic understanding of the definition of migration. This
section examines the types of data collection instruments and their
components.
Censuses
o Frequency, coverage, de facto vs. de jure, usual residence,
field checking, coverage error and content, net and
differential undercounts, continuous measurement, migration
questions, dual-system estimation, demographic analysis
o Types of files and unit coverage: e.g. region, division, state,
county, minor civil division/townships, places, census tracts,
block groups, blocks.
Administrative records
o Population registers, universal and partial; ports of entry
and/or exit, passports and visas issued, immigration yearbooks,
tax records, social welfare/security records, city directories,
postal stops, school enrollments, construction permits, utility
usage.
Surveys
o Sampling issues, sample bias, panel studies, attrition.
Other sources
o Naturalizations and change of migration status
o Apprehensions and deportations; denaturalizations
o Asylee petitions, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
IV. Migration Theories
No one theoretical perspective dominates the study of migration. Rather,
multiple social science perspectives, all relatively new, compete with one
another. This section will cover each theory and the underlying social,
cultural and economic concepts.
Evolution of migration theories
o Ravenstein's laws
o Intervening opportunities (Stouffer)
o Intervening obstacles (Lee)
o Demographic transition
o Population pressure
o "Push-pull"
Classical and neoclassical economics
o Macro- and micro-theory
o Regional labor supply and demand
o Equilibrium wage markets
o Opportunity costs
o Marginal productivity of labor
o Rational-actor and human capital models
o Factor mobility
o Discounted net returns over time
o Expected earnings gap vs. absolute wage differential
New household economics
o Credit and risk markets, insurance for crops, unemployment and
retirement
o Household-level decision making
o Relative deprivation
o Migration and intermediate investment
Labor-market segmentation
o Structural inflation and status (occupational) hierarchies
o Reference wages
o Economic dualism and bifurcated labor markets; primary and
secondary sectors
o Ethnic enclaves and enclave economies
o Demographic shifts in labor supply
World systems
o Historical-structuralist view of uneven development; dependency
theory
o Core-periphery dichotomy
o Brain drain
o Land consolidation and agricultural displacement
o Export-processing zones
o Cultural linkages
o Global cities and hourglass economy
Structuration; institutional theory
o "Structure-agency problematic" (Giddens)
o Intermediary institutions connect potential migrants to jobs
Social networks
o Role of information
o Chain migration, "auspices" of migration (Tilly and Brown)
o Forms of fungible capital: social, human, financial, cultural
+ Enforceable trust
+ Strong and weak ties
o Utility maximization
Cumulative causation
o Social context of migration
o Culture of migration
o Social labeling of jobs
o Migration hump, density function, cumulative density function
Political economy and state structure
o Hegemonic stability in a geopolitical order
<
o Labor importation
V. Migrant Selectivity
Particular types of people are more likely to migrate than others. This
section describes these typologies and the theoretical and practical
considerations of migrants.
Adjustment causes vs. induced causes of residential mobility (Clark)
o Adjustment: Housing/tenure, neighborhood effects, physical
environment, public services, and accessibility, commuting
o Induced: employment, job change, retirement
o Induced: life cycle change
+ Household formation, change in marital status
+ Change in household size
+ Gender, age differentials
Place utility
o Depends on stress threshold function for mobility decision
o Stream of information
o Residential preferences
o Field theory approach to searching
Return migration
o Duration-dependence
o Socioeconomic mobility
o Chronic movers
o Seasonal dependence, snowbirds
Health of immigrants
o Paradox of declining immigrant health in wealthier destination
countries
o Fertility changes
o Reference group changes
VI. Urbanization
For more than a century, the dominant trend in worldwide migration has been
urbanization, so that for the first time in history, more than half of the
world's population lives in an urban area. This section describes the
aspects of urban growth related to migration.
Urban transition
o Rural-urban continuum
o Megalopolis/urban agglomeration
o Transnational urban systems
Degree and pace of urbanization
o Transportation, commuting costs; natural evolution theory
o Fiscal, social stresses
o Land conversion, water availability, infrastructure
Primate cities, megacities, global cities
o Rank-size rule, balanced urban system
Density
+ Crowding, slums, squatters, gentrification
+ Central cities, suburbs, exurbs
+ Urban sprawl, multiple nuclei
+ NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) movements
Theoretical perspectives of urbanization
o Chicago School and human ecology, concentric zones, sector
models; edge cities
o Structural approach; uneven development (Harvey, Lefebvre);
circuits of capital
o Los Angeles school; post-Marxian, postmodernist epistemologies
o Political economy and urban growth machines
o Urban economics
+ Location theories (e.g. least-cost, economic base,
incubator, industrial specializations and nodal metros;
maquiladoras; export processing zones, employment poles)
+ Consumer functions, central place theory, retail
gravitation
VII. Theories of Incorporation
This section describes the best-known theories of assimilation and
incorporation.
Acculturation
o Language acquisition, bi- or multilingualism, Fishman model of
language acquisition
o Customs, values and practices
o Consonant and dissonant
Assimilation
o Classical/canonical accounts: race relations cycle, structural
assimilation, melting pot (triple melting pot), social
distance, social networks, ethnic association, ethclass
o Newer accounts: "Anglo-conformity," straight-line vs. bumpy
line assimilation, neo-institutionalism, incorporation,
immigrant generation.
Multiculturalism and pluralism
o Ethnic construction and reconstruction, panethnicity
o Boundary formation, bounded solidarity
o Symbolic ethnicity; mosaic metaphor
o Visible minorities
Ethnic Disadvantage
o Ethnic hierarchy and structural disadvantage
o Mainstream, "core" society
Segmented assimilation
o Divergent paths
o Downward mobility, oppositional subcultures, neighborhood
effects
o Selective acculturation, ethnic retention
Transnationalism
o Globalization and transnational cultural studies
o Transmigrants vs. diasporas
VIII. Kinds of Incorporation
Immigrants adjust to their destination society in multiple dimensions. This
section expounds on the variety of responses to immigration by immigrants
and the host society.
Identity formation
o Public opinion toward immigration,
+ Negative: xenophobia, alien, prejudice, racism, self vs.
Other, scapegoating
+ Positive: Model minority, "American Dream"
o Multiracial identification; phenotype
o Selective identification
o Hyphenated identification
Socio-cultural incorporation
o Religious and linguistic change
o Ancestry studies
o Second-generation revolt
o Endogamy and exogamy rates
Economic incorporation
o Opportunity structure: blocked mobility, hourglass economy
o Ethnic economy
o Educational opportunity: affirmative action
Spatial assimilation
o Place stratification vs. spatial integration
o Segregation mechanisms: steering, redlining, mortgage
discrimination
o Residential preferences
o Home ownership and suburbanization
Political incorporation
o Non-citizen: legalization, naturalization, civic association
o Citizen: voting, political participation
<
Cultural citizenship
IX. Migration Policy
Policy strongly affects both internal and international migration. This
section describes current and past policies across a range of countries. It
includes legislation, legal cases, specific government offices and informal
policy practices.
International migration
o Entrance policies
+ Health and literacy tests
+ Quotas
o Visa requirements, types of visas
+ Permanent vs. temporary visa types
+ Priorities for admittance, employment categories
+ Family reunification and sponsorship
o Exit policies
+ Deportation and denaturalization
+ Criminalization of immigrants
+ Residence requirements
+ Incorporation policies, job banks and civics and language
training
+ Citizenship
# Jus soli vs. jus sanguinis
# Dual citizenship
+ Guest workers
# Specific flows, e.g. Gastarbeiter, braceros
# Repatriation
# Restrictions on employment
+ Control of immigration
# Border policies
# Bureaucracies
+ Migrants' rights
# Civil protections
# Secondary and tertiary education; tuition
# Access to jobs
Internal migration
+ Home ownership, mortgage interest tax deductions, lending
practices, housing institutions
+ Transportation: commuting, highway systems and public
transportation
+ Job training, job transfers and tax policy
+ Residency requirements (e.g. hukou in China) and floating
populations
X. Global Institutions
A large body of literature covers the global economic and
political institutions that enable transfer of capital,
investment, and the movement of people. This section covers
some of the institutional actors and treaties that have enabled
global movement of goods and people, from the Pax Romana to the
Peace of Westphalia to the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
XI. Fiscal and Economic Aspects of Migration
This section explores the effects of immigration on receiving and
sending countries, to the economy as a whole and as a net fiscal
burden at the national and regional levels.
+ Remittances
# Multiplier (second round) effects
# Short-run income effects (income elasticities) and
income distribution
# Consumption vs. investment uses
# Repatriation of foreign earnings
# Community development
+ Economic effects
# Returns to scale
# Wages of natives
# Productivity of labor and capital
+ Revenues and expenditures
# Welfare expenditures
# Tax streams
XII. Major Migration Streams
A comprehensive account of migration will include the major
migrations of both historical and contemporary times. These will
include international settlements and internal displacements.
Receiving Countries
+ Colonization: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
Siberia, South Africa, Israel, Latin America
+ Contemporary labor importation: Europe, Japan, Middle
East, Africa (refugees)
Sending countries
+ Traditional: Europe, China, India, Philippines
+ Contemporary: East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin
America, Caribbean
Prehistoric migrations
+ Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon
+ Paleo-Indian
+ Indo-European
+ Aboriginal seafarers
Early historical migration
+ Mediterranean (e.g. Phoenician, Greek, Roman)
+ Celtic
+ Bantu
+ Lapita in New Guinea
+ Turk and Mongol, steppe peoples
+ Huns and those they displaced: Goths and Vandals
+ Anglo-Saxon
+ Arab
+ Viking in western Europe and Russia
+ Norman
+ Germans eastward
+ Toltec and Aztec
+ African slaves
Historical diasporas:
+ Jews
+ Roma
+ Italians and other Europeans
+ Chinese
+ Armenians
XIII. Other
TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS: (first draft)
1. Basic Outlines of Migration
Migration comprises a foundational unit of the study of any population.
Measured in conjunction with births and deaths, migration into and out of
any place determines the ultimate size of the population. Migration is a
specialized form of moving that involves distinct components of distance,
duration and residence. Conceptually, migration is often differentiated
into internal and international flows. Internal migration historically has
consisted in large part of continued urbanization of a previously rural
population, but it may also show counterstreams moving from cities to
suburbs.
International vs. internal
o Distance and activity space, duration, and national versus
local boundaries.
+ Change in circulation
+ Partial vs. total displacement migration
o International as product of Westphalian system of nation-states
+ Growth of regulation in 20th century
+ Growth in typologies of migrants
+ Diasporas may exist without nation-state identification
Kinds of migration
o Primitive, or nomadic
o Voluntary, or agent-based, within large groups or clans or
small-scale, as individuals or households
+ Authorized, legal, documented
+ Unauthorized, illegal, undocumented; "aliens"
o Involuntary, or forced, impelled.
+ Displacement, warfare; environmental degradation and
disaster
+ Human trafficking, slavery
+ Refugees, asylees
o Circular, or returning migration, sojourner vs. settler
o Step migration
Non-migration
+ International: students, tourists, business travelers;
foreign-born vs. immigrants
+ Internal: Recurrent movement (commuting, daily crossings,
seasonal work)
II. Measurement of Migration and Statistical Methodology
This topic covers the general demographic and statistical concepts
underpinning migration research. Initially, migration research followed a
standardized set of concepts and measurements derived from demographic
research and often dependent upon the geographical units within which data
are collected. However, the research has expanded into multiple fields with
many methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative.
Demographic concepts
o Flows vs. stocks
+ Areas of origin and destination
+ Emigration and immigration
+ Differential migration
o Gross and net migration
o Components of change (residual) estimation; forward survival.
o Status and propensity rates, probabilities, in-migration,
out-migration rates, net migration
o Estimates and population projections
o Distance, distance decay, gravity models
o Efficiency: ratio of streams to counterstreams
o Migration histories
Economic and sociological models
o Econometric models and general models of inequality, within and
between cities or countries
o Multivariate regression analysis
o Ethnographies
Spatial analysis
o Geographic Information Systems, with database of attribute
information, boundary files, digital map layers, analysis tools
and user interface.
o Political and data units: e.g. wards, counties, metropolitan
areas, states, provinces, nations
III. Migration Data
Migration data vary widely across countries, both in terms of scope of
collection and basic understanding of the definition of migration. This
section examines the types of data collection instruments and their
components.
Censuses
o Frequency, coverage, de facto vs. de jure, usual residence,
field checking, coverage error and content, net and
differential undercounts, continuous measurement, migration
questions, dual-system estimation, demographic analysis
o Types of files and unit coverage: e.g. region, division, state,
county, minor civil division/townships, places, census tracts,
block groups, blocks.
Administrative records
o Population registers, universal and partial; ports of entry
and/or exit, passports and visas issued, immigration yearbooks,
tax records, social welfare/security records, city directories,
postal stops, school enrollments, construction permits, utility
usage.
Surveys
o Sampling issues, sample bias, panel studies, attrition.
Other sources
o Naturalizations and change of migration status
o Apprehensions and deportations; denaturalizations
o Asylee petitions, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
IV. Migration Theories
No one theoretical perspective dominates the study of migration. Rather,
multiple social science perspectives, all relatively new, compete with one
another. This section will cover each theory and the underlying social,
cultural and economic concepts.
Evolution of migration theories
o Ravenstein's laws
o Intervening opportunities (Stouffer)
o Intervening obstacles (Lee)
o Demographic transition
o Population pressure
o "Push-pull"
Classical and neoclassical economics
o Macro- and micro-theory
o Regional labor supply and demand
o Equilibrium wage markets
o Opportunity costs
o Marginal productivity of labor
o Rational-actor and human capital models
o Factor mobility
o Discounted net returns over time
o Expected earnings gap vs. absolute wage differential
New household economics
o Credit and risk markets, insurance for crops, unemployment and
retirement
o Household-level decision making
o Relative deprivation
o Migration and intermediate investment
Labor-market segmentation
o Structural inflation and status (occupational) hierarchies
o Reference wages
o Economic dualism and bifurcated labor markets; primary and
secondary sectors
o Ethnic enclaves and enclave economies
o Demographic shifts in labor supply
World systems
o Historical-structuralist view of uneven development; dependency
theory
o Core-periphery dichotomy
o Brain drain
o Land consolidation and agricultural displacement
o Export-processing zones
o Cultural linkages
o Global cities and hourglass economy
Structuration; institutional theory
o "Structure-agency problematic" (Giddens)
o Intermediary institutions connect potential migrants to jobs
Social networks
o Role of information
o Chain migration, "auspices" of migration (Tilly and Brown)
o Forms of fungible capital: social, human, financial, cultural
+ Enforceable trust
+ Strong and weak ties
o Utility maximization
Cumulative causation
o Social context of migration
o Culture of migration
o Social labeling of jobs
o Migration hump, density function, cumulative density function
Political economy and state structure
o Hegemonic stability in a geopolitical order
<
o Labor importation
V. Migrant Selectivity
Particular types of people are more likely to migrate than others. This
section describes these typologies and the theoretical and practical
considerations of migrants.
Adjustment causes vs. induced causes of residential mobility (Clark)
o Adjustment: Housing/tenure, neighborhood effects, physical
environment, public services, and accessibility, commuting
o Induced: employment, job change, retirement
o Induced: life cycle change
+ Household formation, change in marital status
+ Change in household size
+ Gender, age differentials
Place utility
o Depends on stress threshold function for mobility decision
o Stream of information
o Residential preferences
o Field theory approach to searching
Return migration
o Duration-dependence
o Socioeconomic mobility
o Chronic movers
o Seasonal dependence, snowbirds
Health of immigrants
o Paradox of declining immigrant health in wealthier destination
countries
o Fertility changes
o Reference group changes
VI. Urbanization
For more than a century, the dominant trend in worldwide migration has been
urbanization, so that for the first time in history, more than half of the
world's population lives in an urban area. This section describes the
aspects of urban growth related to migration.
Urban transition
o Rural-urban continuum
o Megalopolis/urban agglomeration
o Transnational urban systems
Degree and pace of urbanization
o Transportation, commuting costs; natural evolution theory
o Fiscal, social stresses
o Land conversion, water availability, infrastructure
Primate cities, megacities, global cities
o Rank-size rule, balanced urban system
Density
+ Crowding, slums, squatters, gentrification
+ Central cities, suburbs, exurbs
+ Urban sprawl, multiple nuclei
+ NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) movements
Theoretical perspectives of urbanization
o Chicago School and human ecology, concentric zones, sector
models; edge cities
o Structural approach; uneven development (Harvey, Lefebvre);
circuits of capital
o Los Angeles school; post-Marxian, postmodernist epistemologies
o Political economy and urban growth machines
o Urban economics
+ Location theories (e.g. least-cost, economic base,
incubator, industrial specializations and nodal metros;
maquiladoras; export processing zones, employment poles)
+ Consumer functions, central place theory, retail
gravitation
VII. Theories of Incorporation
This section describes the best-known theories of assimilation and
incorporation.
Acculturation
o Language acquisition, bi- or multilingualism, Fishman model of
language acquisition
o Customs, values and practices
o Consonant and dissonant
Assimilation
o Classical/canonical accounts: race relations cycle, structural
assimilation, melting pot (triple melting pot), social
distance, social networks, ethnic association, ethclass
o Newer accounts: "Anglo-conformity," straight-line vs. bumpy
line assimilation, neo-institutionalism, incorporation,
immigrant generation.
Multiculturalism and pluralism
o Ethnic construction and reconstruction, panethnicity
o Boundary formation, bounded solidarity
o Symbolic ethnicity; mosaic metaphor
o Visible minorities
Ethnic Disadvantage
o Ethnic hierarchy and structural disadvantage
o Mainstream, "core" society
Segmented assimilation
o Divergent paths
o Downward mobility, oppositional subcultures, neighborhood
effects
o Selective acculturation, ethnic retention
Transnationalism
o Globalization and transnational cultural studies
o Transmigrants vs. diasporas
VIII. Kinds of Incorporation
Immigrants adjust to their destination society in multiple dimensions. This
section expounds on the variety of responses to immigration by immigrants
and the host society.
Identity formation
o Public opinion toward immigration,
+ Negative: xenophobia, alien, prejudice, racism, self vs.
Other, scapegoating
+ Positive: Model minority, "American Dream"
o Multiracial identification; phenotype
o Selective identification
o Hyphenated identification
Socio-cultural incorporation
o Religious and linguistic change
o Ancestry studies
o Second-generation revolt
o Endogamy and exogamy rates
Economic incorporation
o Opportunity structure: blocked mobility, hourglass economy
o Ethnic economy
o Educational opportunity: affirmative action
Spatial assimilation
o Place stratification vs. spatial integration
o Segregation mechanisms: steering, redlining, mortgage
discrimination
o Residential preferences
o Home ownership and suburbanization
Political incorporation
o Non-citizen: legalization, naturalization, civic association
o Citizen: voting, political participation
<
Cultural citizenship
IX. Migration Policy
Policy strongly affects both internal and international migration. This
section describes current and past policies across a range of countries. It
includes legislation, legal cases, specific government offices and informal
policy practices.
International migration
o Entrance policies
+ Health and literacy tests
+ Quotas
o Visa requirements, types of visas
+ Permanent vs. temporary visa types
+ Priorities for admittance, employment categories
+ Family reunification and sponsorship
o Exit policies
+ Deportation and denaturalization
+ Criminalization of immigrants
+ Residence requirements
+ Incorporation policies, job banks and civics and language
training
+ Citizenship
# Jus soli vs. jus sanguinis
# Dual citizenship
+ Guest workers
# Specific flows, e.g. Gastarbeiter, braceros
# Repatriation
# Restrictions on employment
+ Control of immigration
# Border policies
# Bureaucracies
+ Migrants' rights
# Civil protections
# Secondary and tertiary education; tuition
# Access to jobs
Internal migration
+ Home ownership, mortgage interest tax deductions, lending
practices, housing institutions
+ Transportation: commuting, highway systems and public
transportation
+ Job training, job transfers and tax policy
+ Residency requirements (e.g. hukou in China) and floating
populations
X. Global Institutions
A large body of literature covers the global economic and
political institutions that enable transfer of capital,
investment, and the movement of people. This section covers
some of the institutional actors and treaties that have enabled
global movement of goods and people, from the Pax Romana to the
Peace of Westphalia to the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
XI. Fiscal and Economic Aspects of Migration
This section explores the effects of immigration on receiving and
sending countries, to the economy as a whole and as a net fiscal
burden at the national and regional levels.
+ Remittances
# Multiplier (second round) effects
# Short-run income effects (income elasticities) and
income distribution
# Consumption vs. investment uses
# Repatriation of foreign earnings
# Community development
+ Economic effects
# Returns to scale
# Wages of natives
# Productivity of labor and capital
+ Revenues and expenditures
# Welfare expenditures
# Tax streams
XII. Major Migration Streams
A comprehensive account of migration will include the major
migrations of both historical and contemporary times. These will
include international settlements and internal displacements.
Receiving Countries
+ Colonization: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
Siberia, South Africa, Israel, Latin America
+ Contemporary labor importation: Europe, Japan, Middle
East, Africa (refugees)
Sending countries
+ Traditional: Europe, China, India, Philippines
+ Contemporary: East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin
America, Caribbean
Prehistoric migrations
+ Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon
+ Paleo-Indian
+ Indo-European
+ Aboriginal seafarers
Early historical migration
+ Mediterranean (e.g. Phoenician, Greek, Roman)
+ Celtic
+ Bantu
+ Lapita in New Guinea
+ Turk and Mongol, steppe peoples
+ Huns and those they displaced: Goths and Vandals
+ Anglo-Saxon
+ Arab
+ Viking in western Europe and Russia
+ Norman
+ Germans eastward
+ Toltec and Aztec
+ African slaves
Historical diasporas:
+ Jews
+ Roma
+ Italians and other Europeans
+ Chinese
+ Armenians
XIII. Other
1. Basic Outlines of Migration
Migration comprises a foundational unit of the study of any population.
Measured in conjunction with births and deaths, migration into and out of
any place determines the ultimate size of the population. Migration is a
specialized form of moving that involves distinct components of distance,
duration and residence. Conceptually, migration is often differentiated
into internal and international flows. Internal migration historically has
consisted in large part of continued urbanization of a previously rural
population, but it may also show counterstreams moving from cities to
suburbs.
International vs. internal
o Distance and activity space, duration, and national versus
local boundaries.
+ Change in circulation
+ Partial vs. total displacement migration
o International as product of Westphalian system of nation-states
+ Growth of regulation in 20th century
+ Growth in typologies of migrants
+ Diasporas may exist without nation-state identification
Kinds of migration
o Primitive, or nomadic
o Voluntary, or agent-based, within large groups or clans or
small-scale, as individuals or households
+ Authorized, legal, documented
+ Unauthorized, illegal, undocumented; "aliens"
o Involuntary, or forced, impelled.
+ Displacement, warfare; environmental degradation and
disaster
+ Human trafficking, slavery
+ Refugees, asylees
o Circular, or returning migration, sojourner vs. settler
o Step migration
Non-migration
+ International: students, tourists, business travelers;
foreign-born vs. immigrants
+ Internal: Recurrent movement (commuting, daily crossings,
seasonal work)
II. Measurement of Migration and Statistical Methodology
This topic covers the general demographic and statistical concepts
underpinning migration research. Initially, migration research followed a
standardized set of concepts and measurements derived from demographic
research and often dependent upon the geographical units within which data
are collected. However, the research has expanded into multiple fields with
many methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative.
Demographic concepts
o Flows vs. stocks
+ Areas of origin and destination
+ Emigration and immigration
+ Differential migration
o Gross and net migration
o Components of change (residual) estimation; forward survival.
o Status and propensity rates, probabilities, in-migration,
out-migration rates, net migration
o Estimates and population projections
o Distance, distance decay, gravity models
o Efficiency: ratio of streams to counterstreams
o Migration histories
Economic and sociological models
o Econometric models and general models of inequality, within and
between cities or countries
o Multivariate regression analysis
o Ethnographies
Spatial analysis
o Geographic Information Systems, with database of attribute
information, boundary files, digital map layers, analysis tools
and user interface.
o Political and data units: e.g. wards, counties, metropolitan
areas, states, provinces, nations
III. Migration Data
Migration data vary widely across countries, both in terms of scope of
collection and basic understanding of the definition of migration. This
section examines the types of data collection instruments and their
components.
Censuses
o Frequency, coverage, de facto vs. de jure, usual residence,
field checking, coverage error and content, net and
differential undercounts, continuous measurement, migration
questions, dual-system estimation, demographic analysis
o Types of files and unit coverage: e.g. region, division, state,
county, minor civil division/townships, places, census tracts,
block groups, blocks.
Administrative records
o Population registers, universal and partial; ports of entry
and/or exit, passports and visas issued, immigration yearbooks,
tax records, social welfare/security records, city directories,
postal stops, school enrollments, construction permits, utility
usage.
Surveys
o Sampling issues, sample bias, panel studies, attrition.
Other sources
o Naturalizations and change of migration status
o Apprehensions and deportations; denaturalizations
o Asylee petitions, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
IV. Migration Theories
No one theoretical perspective dominates the study of migration. Rather,
multiple social science perspectives, all relatively new, compete with one
another. This section will cover each theory and the underlying social,
cultural and economic concepts.
Evolution of migration theories
o Ravenstein's laws
o Intervening opportunities (Stouffer)
o Intervening obstacles (Lee)
o Demographic transition
o Population pressure
o "Push-pull"
Classical and neoclassical economics
o Macro- and micro-theory
o Regional labor supply and demand
o Equilibrium wage markets
o Opportunity costs
o Marginal productivity of labor
o Rational-actor and human capital models
o Factor mobility
o Discounted net returns over time
o Expected earnings gap vs. absolute wage differential
New household economics
o Credit and risk markets, insurance for crops, unemployment and
retirement
o Household-level decision making
o Relative deprivation
o Migration and intermediate investment
Labor-market segmentation
o Structural inflation and status (occupational) hierarchies
o Reference wages
o Economic dualism and bifurcated labor markets; primary and
secondary sectors
o Ethnic enclaves and enclave economies
o Demographic shifts in labor supply
World systems
o Historical-structuralist view of uneven development; dependency
theory
o Core-periphery dichotomy
o Brain drain
o Land consolidation and agricultural displacement
o Export-processing zones
o Cultural linkages
o Global cities and hourglass economy
Structuration; institutional theory
o "Structure-agency problematic" (Giddens)
o Intermediary institutions connect potential migrants to jobs
Social networks
o Role of information
o Chain migration, "auspices" of migration (Tilly and Brown)
o Forms of fungible capital: social, human, financial, cultural
+ Enforceable trust
+ Strong and weak ties
o Utility maximization
Cumulative causation
o Social context of migration
o Culture of migration
o Social labeling of jobs
o Migration hump, density function, cumulative density function
Political economy and state structure
o Hegemonic stability in a geopolitical order
<
o Labor importation
V. Migrant Selectivity
Particular types of people are more likely to migrate than others. This
section describes these typologies and the theoretical and practical
considerations of migrants.
Adjustment causes vs. induced causes of residential mobility (Clark)
o Adjustment: Housing/tenure, neighborhood effects, physical
environment, public services, and accessibility, commuting
o Induced: employment, job change, retirement
o Induced: life cycle change
+ Household formation, change in marital status
+ Change in household size
+ Gender, age differentials
Place utility
o Depends on stress threshold function for mobility decision
o Stream of information
o Residential preferences
o Field theory approach to searching
Return migration
o Duration-dependence
o Socioeconomic mobility
o Chronic movers
o Seasonal dependence, snowbirds
Health of immigrants
o Paradox of declining immigrant health in wealthier destination
countries
o Fertility changes
o Reference group changes
VI. Urbanization
For more than a century, the dominant trend in worldwide migration has been
urbanization, so that for the first time in history, more than half of the
world's population lives in an urban area. This section describes the
aspects of urban growth related to migration.
Urban transition
o Rural-urban continuum
o Megalopolis/urban agglomeration
o Transnational urban systems
Degree and pace of urbanization
o Transportation, commuting costs; natural evolution theory
o Fiscal, social stresses
o Land conversion, water availability, infrastructure
Primate cities, megacities, global cities
o Rank-size rule, balanced urban system
Density
+ Crowding, slums, squatters, gentrification
+ Central cities, suburbs, exurbs
+ Urban sprawl, multiple nuclei
+ NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) movements
Theoretical perspectives of urbanization
o Chicago School and human ecology, concentric zones, sector
models; edge cities
o Structural approach; uneven development (Harvey, Lefebvre);
circuits of capital
o Los Angeles school; post-Marxian, postmodernist epistemologies
o Political economy and urban growth machines
o Urban economics
+ Location theories (e.g. least-cost, economic base,
incubator, industrial specializations and nodal metros;
maquiladoras; export processing zones, employment poles)
+ Consumer functions, central place theory, retail
gravitation
VII. Theories of Incorporation
This section describes the best-known theories of assimilation and
incorporation.
Acculturation
o Language acquisition, bi- or multilingualism, Fishman model of
language acquisition
o Customs, values and practices
o Consonant and dissonant
Assimilation
o Classical/canonical accounts: race relations cycle, structural
assimilation, melting pot (triple melting pot), social
distance, social networks, ethnic association, ethclass
o Newer accounts: "Anglo-conformity," straight-line vs. bumpy
line assimilation, neo-institutionalism, incorporation,
immigrant generation.
Multiculturalism and pluralism
o Ethnic construction and reconstruction, panethnicity
o Boundary formation, bounded solidarity
o Symbolic ethnicity; mosaic metaphor
o Visible minorities
Ethnic Disadvantage
o Ethnic hierarchy and structural disadvantage
o Mainstream, "core" society
Segmented assimilation
o Divergent paths
o Downward mobility, oppositional subcultures, neighborhood
effects
o Selective acculturation, ethnic retention
Transnationalism
o Globalization and transnational cultural studies
o Transmigrants vs. diasporas
VIII. Kinds of Incorporation
Immigrants adjust to their destination society in multiple dimensions. This
section expounds on the variety of responses to immigration by immigrants
and the host society.
Identity formation
o Public opinion toward immigration,
+ Negative: xenophobia, alien, prejudice, racism, self vs.
Other, scapegoating
+ Positive: Model minority, "American Dream"
o Multiracial identification; phenotype
o Selective identification
o Hyphenated identification
Socio-cultural incorporation
o Religious and linguistic change
o Ancestry studies
o Second-generation revolt
o Endogamy and exogamy rates
Economic incorporation
o Opportunity structure: blocked mobility, hourglass economy
o Ethnic economy
o Educational opportunity: affirmative action
Spatial assimilation
o Place stratification vs. spatial integration
o Segregation mechanisms: steering, redlining, mortgage
discrimination
o Residential preferences
o Home ownership and suburbanization
Political incorporation
o Non-citizen: legalization, naturalization, civic association
o Citizen: voting, political participation
<
Cultural citizenship
IX. Migration Policy
Policy strongly affects both internal and international migration. This
section describes current and past policies across a range of countries. It
includes legislation, legal cases, specific government offices and informal
policy practices.
International migration
o Entrance policies
+ Health and literacy tests
+ Quotas
o Visa requirements, types of visas
+ Permanent vs. temporary visa types
+ Priorities for admittance, employment categories
+ Family reunification and sponsorship
o Exit policies
+ Deportation and denaturalization
+ Criminalization of immigrants
+ Residence requirements
+ Incorporation policies, job banks and civics and language
training
+ Citizenship
# Jus soli vs. jus sanguinis
# Dual citizenship
+ Guest workers
# Specific flows, e.g. Gastarbeiter, braceros
# Repatriation
# Restrictions on employment
+ Control of immigration
# Border policies
# Bureaucracies
+ Migrants' rights
# Civil protections
# Secondary and tertiary education; tuition
# Access to jobs
Internal migration
+ Home ownership, mortgage interest tax deductions, lending
practices, housing institutions
+ Transportation: commuting, highway systems and public
transportation
+ Job training, job transfers and tax policy
+ Residency requirements (e.g. hukou in China) and floating
populations
X. Global Institutions
A large body of literature covers the global economic and
political institutions that enable transfer of capital,
investment, and the movement of people. This section covers
some of the institutional actors and treaties that have enabled
global movement of goods and people, from the Pax Romana to the
Peace of Westphalia to the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
XI. Fiscal and Economic Aspects of Migration
This section explores the effects of immigration on receiving and
sending countries, to the economy as a whole and as a net fiscal
burden at the national and regional levels.
+ Remittances
# Multiplier (second round) effects
# Short-run income effects (income elasticities) and
income distribution
# Consumption vs. investment uses
# Repatriation of foreign earnings
# Community development
+ Economic effects
# Returns to scale
# Wages of natives
# Productivity of labor and capital
+ Revenues and expenditures
# Welfare expenditures
# Tax streams
XII. Major Migration Streams
A comprehensive account of migration will include the major
migrations of both historical and contemporary times. These will
include international settlements and internal displacements.
Receiving Countries
+ Colonization: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
Siberia, South Africa, Israel, Latin America
+ Contemporary labor importation: Europe, Japan, Middle
East, Africa (refugees)
Sending countries
+ Traditional: Europe, China, India, Philippines
+ Contemporary: East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin
America, Caribbean
Prehistoric migrations
+ Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon
+ Paleo-Indian
+ Indo-European
+ Aboriginal seafarers
Early historical migration
+ Mediterranean (e.g. Phoenician, Greek, Roman)
+ Celtic
+ Bantu
+ Lapita in New Guinea
+ Turk and Mongol, steppe peoples
+ Huns and those they displaced: Goths and Vandals
+ Anglo-Saxon
+ Arab
+ Viking in western Europe and Russia
+ Norman
+ Germans eastward
+ Toltec and Aztec
+ African slaves
Historical diasporas:
+ Jews
+ Roma
+ Italians and other Europeans
+ Chinese
+ Armenians
XIII. Other