Energy-Efficient Industrial Systems: Evaluation and Implementation

Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Energy Management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Main Drivers for Energy Management
1.3 Typical Energy Management Program
1.4 Energy Policy
1.5 Energy Management Team
1.6 Energy Manager
1.7 Energy Usage and Baseline Data
1.8 Energy Accounting Centers and EnPIs
1.9 Targets and Action Plans
1.10 Energy Audits
1.10.1 Level 1 Audit
1.10.2 Level 2 Audit
1.10.3 Level 3 Audit
1.11 Training
1.12 Awareness
1.13 Documentation
1.14 Internal Audit
1.15 Management Review
2 Motors and Drives
2.1 Introduction to Motors
2.1.1 AC Induction Motors
2.1.2 DC Motors
2.1.3 Permanent-Magnet Motors
2.1.4 Synchronous Motors
2.2 Speed of Motors
2.3 Slip in Motors
2.4 Motor Efficiency
2.5 Losses in Motors
2.6 High-Efficiency Motors
2.7 Impact of Motor Loading on Efficiency
2.8 Estimating Motor Loading
2.8.1 Input Method
2.8.2 Slip Method
2.9 Economics of Energy-Efficient Motors
2.10 Input Power Supply to Motors
2.10.1 Input Power
2.10.2 Supply Voltage
2.10.3 Power Factor
2.11 Maintenance of Motors
2.11.1 Lubrication
2.11.2 Cleaning
2.11.3 Motor Temperature
2.11.4 Voltage Testing
2.11.5 Insulation Testing
2.11.6 Vibration
2.11.7 Alignment
2.12 Motor Drives
2.12.1 Couplings
2.12.2 Belt Drives
2.12.3 Gear Drives
2.13 Variable-Frequency Drives
2.13.1 Introduction
2.13.2 Components of a VFD
2.13.3 Features of VFDs
2.13.4 Selection and Installation
3 Pumping Systems
3.1 Types of Pumps
3.2 System and Pump Curves
3.3 Pump Power
3.4 Affinity Laws
3.5 Pressure Losses in Pipes and Fittings
3.6 Parallel and Series Pumping
3.7 Pump Sizing
3.8 Constant-Flow versus Variable-Flow Systems
3.9 Effect of Pump Speed and Size on Efficiency
3.10 Avoiding Use of Bypass Systems
3.11 Use of Small Pumps to Augment Larger Pumps
3.12 Designing to Minimize Pressure Losses
3.13 Pump Efficiency
3.14 Overall Efficiency
3.14.1 Constant-Speed Pumps
3.14.2 Variable-Speed Pumps
4 Fan Systems
4.1 Types of Fans
4.2 Fan and System Characteristics
4.3 Fan Selection
4.4 Theoretical Fan Power Consumption
4.5 Affinity Laws
4.6 System Losses
4.7 Fan Discharge and Inlet System Effects
4.8 Filter Losses
4.8.1 Face Velocity
4.9 Coil Losses
4.9.1 Clean Coils
4.9.2 Face Velocity
4.10 Fan Efficiency
4.11 Right Sizing of Fans
4.12 Modulating Airflow Rate
5 Boilers and Steam Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Steam
5.2.1 Dryness Fraction of Steam
5.2.2 Sensible Heat of Water
5.2.3 Latent Heat of Water
5.2.4 Total Enthalpy of Steam
5.2.5 Steam Tables
5.3 Boilers
5.4 Boiler Efficiency
5.4.1 Combustion Efficiency
5.4.2 Thermal Efficiency
5.4.3 Overall Efficiency
5.5 Energy-Saving Measures for Boiler Systems
5.5.1 Improving Combustion Efficiency
5.5.2 Steam Pressure
5.5.3 Optimizing Operation of Auxiliary Equipment
5.5.4 Standby Losses
5.5.5 Minimizing Conduction and Radiation Losses
5.5.6 Heat Recovery from Flue Gas
5.5.7 Flash Steam Recovery
5.5.8 Automatic Blowdown Control
5.5.9 Heat Recovery from Blowdown
5.5.10 Condensate Recovery
5.5.11 Steam Traps
5.5.12 Steam Leaks
5.5.13 Feedwater Tank
5.5.14 Fouling and Scaling in Boilers
6 Process Cooling Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Once-Through Systems
6.3 Cooling Tower Systems
6.3.1 Energy-Saving Measures for Cooling Tower Systems
6.4 Low-Temperature Cooling Systems
6.4.1 Energy-Saving Measures for Low-Temperature Cooling Systems
6.5 Refrigeration Systems
6.5.1 Energy-Saving Measures for Refrigeration Systems
7 Compressed Air Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Typical System Components
7.3 Free Air Delivery
7.4 Standard Con