Vir Singh

Environmental Plant Physiology

Botanical Strategies for a Climate Smart Planet

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Environmental Plant Physiology: Botanical Strategies for a Climate-Smart Planet attempts to assimilate a relatively new subject that helps us understand the very phenomenon of life that persists in the planet's environment and depends on, and is influenced by, a specific set of operating environmental factors.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Taylor and Francis
• Seitenzahl: 214
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. Februar 2020
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 14mm
• Gewicht: 621g
• ISBN-13: 9780367030421
• ISBN-10: 036703042X
• Artikelnr.: 58730375

Autorenporträt

Dr. Vir Singh is Professor of Environmental Science at GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology. He has more than three decades' experience of teaching and research in forest ecology, environmental science, agroecology, animal sciences, environmental physiology, and natural resources management. Holding triple Masters (M.Sc. Botany, M.Sc. Ag. Animal Nutrition, and M.A. Sociology) and dual Ph.D. degrees (Botany with specialization in Ecology, and Animal Sciences), he has been educated and trained in many universities and institutes: Meerut University (now Chaudhary Charan Singh University), GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, HNB Garhwal University, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), MP Bhoj (O) University, and Galilee College in Israel (now GIMI, Israel). He has been a Research Fellow at International Centre for Integrated Mountain development (ICIMOD) based in Kathmandu and participated in courses in Geoinformatics at Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) based in Jena, Germany. He has worked on many projects in collaboration with international institutes including ICIMOD, ILRI and the INNO-ASIA project sponsored by the German Federal Ministry BMBF. He has conducted several national and international conferences, symposia and workshops. He has published several books, including recently in limelight, Fertilizing the Universe, and more than 200 research articles and book chapters. Prof. Vir Singh is also a Climate Reality Leader committed to creating awareness about the on-going climate change and its long-term implications on every walk of life and is also formulating programmes and projects for climate change mitigation.

Inhaltsangabe

Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments
..........................................................................................................................
xiii
Author
..............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Environment and Ecosystems: Physiological Basis of Ecology
...................................1
The Lumenosphere
.......................................................................................................1
The Biosphere
...............................................................................................................2
The Organism-Environment Relationships
..................................................................3
Energy and Nutrient Flows through Ecosystems
....................................................4
Food Chains
.............................................................................................................5
Food Web
.................................................................................................................6
Ecological Pyramids
................................................................................................7
Ecological Pyramid of Numbers
........................................................................7
Ecological Pyramid of Biomass
.........................................................................8
Ecological Pyramid of Energy
...........................................................................9
The Sixth Trophic Level
........................................................................................
10
The Seventh Trophic Level
....................................................................................
10
What Is Environmental Physiology?
..........................................................................
11
Climate and Its Changing Behavior
...........................................................................
12
Scope of Environmental Plant Physiology
................................................................. 13
Applications in Food Production
...........................................................................
13
Environmental Physiology: The Basis for a Climate-Smart Planet
........................... 14
Summary
....................................................................................................................
17
References
..................................................................................................................
18
Websites
......................................................................................................................
18
Chapter 2 Energy Relations
........................................................................................................
19
Energy and Life
..........................................................................................................
19
Trophic Diversity in Nature
........................................................................................
19
The Light of Life
........................................................................................................20
Leaf and Light
............................................................................................................
21
Leaf-Energy Balance
.............................................................................................22
Energy Inputs and Energy Outputs of a Leaf
...................................................24
Net Radiation
....................................................................................................24
Sensible Heat Loss (Conduction and Convection)
............................................25
Latent and Chemical Energy
............................................................................25
Photosynthetic Pathways
............................................................................................26
C3 Photosynthesis
..................................................................................................27
C4 Photosynthesis
..................................................................................................28
CAM Photosynthesis
.............................................................................................29
E = mc2 in the Context of Earth's
Ecosystems...........................................................30
Sun-Soil-Plant: The Evolutionary Ladder of Life
.................................................... 31
Photosynthesis and Soil Fertilization
.................................................................... 32
Energy from Inorganic Molecules
.............................................................................
33
Energy from Organic Molecules
................................................................................
35
Chemical Composition vis-à-vis Nutrient Requirements
...................................... 35
Herbivory
...............................................................................................................36
Carnivory
...............................................................................................................36
Detritivory
.............................................................................................................
37
Energy Limitations
.....................................................................................................38
Optimal Foraging by Animals
..............................................................................38
Optimal Foraging by
Plants...................................................................................
39
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
....................................................................................
39
Summary
....................................................................................................................
41
References
..................................................................................................................
42
Websites
......................................................................................................................
43
Chapter 3 Nutrient Relations
.......................................................................................................
45
The Pedosphere
..........................................................................................................
45
Soil as an Ecosystem
..................................................................................................
45
Diversity of the World's Soils
.....................................................................................46
Soil Types
..............................................................................................................
47
Soil Biodiversity
....................................................................................................
47
Pedodiversity-Biodiversity Relations
....................................................................48
Essential Elements
......................................................................................................49
Sources of Plant Nutrients
..........................................................................................50
Nutrient Availability for Plants
..................................................................................
51
Interactions among Ions
.............................................................................................
51
Cycles in the Soil
........................................................................................................
53
Ion-Uptake Physiology
...............................................................................................54
Kinetics
..................................................................................................................54
Internal Control
.....................................................................................................
58
Morphological Responses
..........................................................................................
59
Root:Shoot Ratio and Root:Weight Ratio
.............................................................. 59
Root Diameter and Root Hairs
..............................................................................60
Root Density and Distribution
...............................................................................60
Soil Microorganisms
..................................................................................................
61
Rhizosphere
...........................................................................................................
61
Impact on Nutrient Uptake
....................................................................................
62
Nitrogen Fixation
...................................................................................................
62
Influence of Environmental Factors
......................................................................63
Mycorrhizas
...........................................................................................................64
Summary
....................................................................................................................65
References
..................................................................................................................66
Websites
......................................................................................................................
67
Chapter 4 Water Relations
..........................................................................................................69
The Water Planet as Home to Life
.............................................................................69
Water Properties Conducive to Life
...........................................................................69
Water Availability to Organisms
................................................................................
70
Water in Air
...........................................................................................................
70
Water Movement within Water
..............................................................................
71
Water Potential
...........................................................................................................
72
Plant Roots and Water
Acquisition.............................................................................
74
Water Relations of Plant Cells
....................................................................................
75
Supply of Water by the Soil
........................................................................................
76
Water Planet a Climate-Smart
Planet.........................................................................77
Summary
....................................................................................................................
78
References
..................................................................................................................
79
Websites
......................................................................................................................
79
Chapter 5 Temperature Relations
................................................................................................
81
Microclimatic Variations and Temperatures
.............................................................. 81
Atmospheric Trends vis-à-vis Altitudes
..................................................................... 81
Troposphere
...........................................................................................................84
Stratosphere
...........................................................................................................85
Mesosphere
............................................................................................................86
Thermosphere
........................................................................................................86
Exosphere
..............................................................................................................87
Plant-Temperature Relations
......................................................................................87
Ground Color and Temperatures
................................................................................88
Vegetation and Temperatures
.....................................................................................88
Slope Aspects and Temperatures
...............................................................................89
Aquatic Environments' Temperatures
........................................................................89
Photosynthesis in Extreme Temperatures
..................................................................90
Solar Energy-Temperature Interaction
...................................................................... 91
Temperature Regulation by Plants
.............................................................................
91
Arctic and Alpine Plants
.......................................................................................
91
Tropical Alpine Plants
...........................................................................................93
Desert Plants
..........................................................................................................94
Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
..................................................94
Adaptation to Harsh Environments
............................................................................96
Physiological Strategies for Cooling the Earth
..........................................................97
Summary
....................................................................................................................99
References
................................................................................................................
100
Websites
....................................................................................................................
101
Chapter 6 Allelochemical Relations
.........................................................................................
103
Competition among Plants
.......................................................................................
103
Defining Competition
..........................................................................................
103
Competition within Plant Populations
................................................................. 104
Asymmetric Competition
....................................................................................
104
Interspecific Competition: Mixed-Species Analysis
........................................... 105
Allelopathy
...............................................................................................................
105
Chemical Interactions among Plants
........................................................................
106
Nature of Allelopathy
...............................................................................................
107
Allelopathic Plants
...................................................................................................
107
Allelopathy Applications in Agriculture
.................................................................. 109
Cropping Systems' Management
.........................................................................
109
Mulching for Weed Control
.................................................................................
109
Ecologically Healthy Agrochemicals and Microbial Pesticides
......................... 110
Breeding the Allelopathic Cultivars
.................................................................... 110
Reducing NO3 Leaching and N2O
Pollution........................................................ 111
Allelopathic Mechanisms
.........................................................................................
111
Effect on Soil Ecology
.........................................................................................
111
Effect on Photosynthesis
.....................................................................................
111
Effect on Respiration
...........................................................................................
112
Effect on Enzyme Functions
...............................................................................
113
Influence on Plant-Growth Regulator System
..................................................... 113
Effect on Antioxidant System
..............................................................................
114
Effect on Protein and Nucleic-Acid Synthesis
.................................................... 114
Effect on Water and Nutrient Uptake
.................................................................. 114
Effect on Cell Division and Elongation
............................................................... 114
Phytosociology for a Greener Planet
........................................................................
117
Summary
..................................................................................................................
118
References
................................................................................................................
119
Websites
....................................................................................................................
120
Chapter 7 High-Altitude Physiology
.........................................................................................
121
Altitude Types from Sea Level
.................................................................................
121
High-Altitude Specificities
.......................................................................................
122
Diverse Ecological Niches
...................................................................................
122
Biodiversity
..........................................................................................................
123
Fragility
...............................................................................................................
123
Adaptation Mechanisms
......................................................................................
125
Marginality
..........................................................................................................
125
Poor Accessibility
................................................................................................
126
High-Altitude Plant Ecology
....................................................................................
126
Effects of Altitudes on the Physiology of the Plants
................................................ 128
Photosynthesis
.....................................................................................................
128
Respiration
...........................................................................................................
130
Transpiration
........................................................................................................
130
Chlorophyll Destruction
......................................................................................
131
Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation
..................................................................... 131
Frost Resistance
...................................................................................................
132
Water Balance and Avoidance of Desiccation
..................................................... 132
Growth and Development
....................................................................................
133
High Altitudes: Cooling Breeze for Cooling the Mainstream World
...................... 134
Summary
..................................................................................................................
135
References
................................................................................................................
137
Websites
....................................................................................................................
138
Chapter 8 Stress Physiology
......................................................................................................
139
Stress to Life as an Inevitable Phenomenon
............................................................. 139
Solar-Radiation Stress
..............................................................................................
140
Temperature Stress
...................................................................................................
141
Effects on Photosynthesis and
Respiration.......................................................... 141
Effect on Membranes and Enzymes
.................................................................... 141
Effects of Freezing
Temperatures........................................................................
142
Stress of Oxygen Deficiency
....................................................................................
142
Molecular Genetics Aspects of Oxygen-Deficiency Stress
................................. 143
Root Damage in Anoxic Environments
............................................................... 144
Effect of Anoxia-Damaged Roots on Shoots
...................................................... 145
Synthesis of Anaerobic Stress Proteins
............................................................... 145
Salinity Stress
...........................................................................................................
145
Effect on Photosynthesis and Growth
................................................................. 146
Osmotic and Specific Ion Effects
........................................................................
147
Plants' Strategies of Saline Stress Management
................................................. 147
Heat Stress
................................................................................................................
148
Water Deficit and Heat Stress
..............................................................................
148
Effect on Photosynthesis and Respiration
........................................................... 148
Effect on Cell Membrane
....................................................................................
149
Adaptation Mechanisms against Heat Stress
...................................................... 149
Low-Temperature Stress
...........................................................................................
150
Chilling Effects on Cell Membrane
.................................................................... 150
Tolerance to Cold Stress
......................................................................................
151
Pollution Stress on Ecosystems
................................................................................
153
Heavy-Metal Stress
..................................................................................................
154
Reactive Oxygen Species
.....................................................................................
154
Inactivation of Biomolecules
...............................................................................
155
Primary Stress
.....................................................................................................
155
Secondary Stress
.................................................................................................
155
Signal Transduction
.............................................................................................
155
Effects on Cellular Components
..........................................................................
155
Heavy-Metal Detoxification Methods
................................................................. 155
Vacuolar
Compartmentalization..........................................................................
157
Pollution Stress Impacts on Ecological Processes
................................................... 157
Water Stress
..............................................................................................................
158
The Etiology of Water Stress
...............................................................................
159
Multidimensional Nature of Water Stress
........................................................... 159
Morphological, Anatomical, and Cytological Changes
................................. 160
Photosynthesis
................................................................................................
160
Protein Synthesis
............................................................................................
161
Proline Accumulation
.....................................................................................
161
Lipids
..............................................................................................................
162
Mineral Nutrition
............................................................................................
162
Abscisic Acid Accumulation
..........................................................................
162
Oxidative Stress
..............................................................................................
162
Summary
..................................................................................................................
163
References
................................................................................................................
164
Websites
....................................................................................................................
166
Chapter 9 Physiological Effects of Climate Change
................................................................. 167
Living in an Age of Climate Change
....................................................................... 167
The Factors Affecting the Earth's Climate
.............................................................. 168
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
...................................................................................
169
Overriding the Earth's Potencies
..............................................................................
171
Impact of Climate Change