"State sponsored hacktivism" constitutes a wholly new alternative to conventional armed conflict. This book explores the ethical and legal dimensions of this "soft" mode warfare grounded in a broad revisionist approach to military ethics and "just war theory" that results in a new code of ethics for today's "cyber warriors."
"State sponsored hacktivism" constitutes a wholly new alternative to conventional armed conflict. This book explores the ethical and legal dimensions of this "soft" mode warfare grounded in a broad revisionist approach to military ethics and "just war theory" that results in a new code of ethics for today's "cyber warriors."Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
George Lucas is currently a Visiting Distinguished Research Professor at the John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology & Values at Notre Dame University. He is an internationally recognized authority in the field of military and applied ethics, focusing in particular upon ethics and emerging military technologies. Recent books include Anthropologists in Arms (2009) and Military Ethics: What Everyone Needs to Know (OUP, 2015). He is editor of the Routledge Handbook of Military Ethics (2015).
Inhaltsangabe
* CONTENTS * Preface ix * Acknowledgments xiii * Introduction: Crime or Warfare? 1 * 1. Cyber (In)security: Threat Assessment in the Cyber Domain 16 * What, When, and Where? 16 * How? 18 * Why? 19 * Three Ways of Being a Hacktivist 21 * Conventional Warfare 22 * Unrestricted Warfare 24 * State Sponsored Hacktivism as a New Form of Warfare 27 * 2. Is There a Role for Ethics or Law in Cyber Conflict? 33 * Irregular War and Cyberwar 33 * Ethics and "Folk Morality" 35 * Ethics and the Law 40 * Ethics and Just War Theory 42 * Strategic Plan of the Book 45 * Applying Moral Theories in the Cyber Domain 48 * 3. The Tallinn Manual: International Law in the Aftermath of Estonia 57 * International Law Applicable to Stuxnet 58 * International Law and State Sponsored Hacktivism 61 * The Tallinn Manual 64 * International Law and the Estonian Cyber attacks 68 * "There Oughta' Be a Law!" 73 * Why the Tallinn Manual Failed 76 * 4. Genuine Ethics versus "Folk Morality" in Cyberspace 85 * The Advantages of Taking "the Moral Point of View" 86 * The Challenge of Folk Morality for Authentic Ethics 88 * The Origins of Universal Moral Norms 91 * Thinking Ethically about Conflict in the Cyber Domain 96 * Just War Theory and the Morality of Exceptions 98 * Jus in Bello and Professional Military Ethics 101 * Jus in Silico: Ethics and Just War Theory in the Cyber Domain 102 * 5. If Aristotle Waged Cyberwar: How Norms Emerge from Practice 109 * Distinguishing between Laws and Norms 112 * The Methodology of Uncertainty: How Do Norms "Emerge?" 113 * Do Emergent Moral Norms Provide Effective Governance? 119 * 6. Privacy, Anonymity, and the Rise of State Sponsored Hacktivism 125 * Emergent Norms and the Rise of State Sponsored Hacktivism 126 * The Cunning of History 128 * Permissible Preemptive Cyber Self Defense 129 * Privacy, Anonymity, and the Sectors of Vulnerability 130 * Cyber security Measures for Individuals 131 * Privacy versus Anonymity 133 * A Limited Justification for Anonymity 135 * Restricting Anonymity while Preserving Privacy 137 * New "Rules of the Road" for Cyber Navigation 138 * 7. NSA Management Directive #424: Anticipatory National Self Defense 142 * Preventive War 143 * Initial Public Response 147 * The Dilemma of Edward Snowden 148 * Government Deception and Public Trust 150 * Defending National Boundaries And Personal Liberties 151 * State Norms for Respecting Sovereignty and Attaining Security 153 * Conclusion: Toward a Code of Ethics for Cyber Warriors 157 * References 167 * Index 175
* CONTENTS * Preface ix * Acknowledgments xiii * Introduction: Crime or Warfare? 1 * 1. Cyber (In)security: Threat Assessment in the Cyber Domain 16 * What, When, and Where? 16 * How? 18 * Why? 19 * Three Ways of Being a Hacktivist 21 * Conventional Warfare 22 * Unrestricted Warfare 24 * State Sponsored Hacktivism as a New Form of Warfare 27 * 2. Is There a Role for Ethics or Law in Cyber Conflict? 33 * Irregular War and Cyberwar 33 * Ethics and "Folk Morality" 35 * Ethics and the Law 40 * Ethics and Just War Theory 42 * Strategic Plan of the Book 45 * Applying Moral Theories in the Cyber Domain 48 * 3. The Tallinn Manual: International Law in the Aftermath of Estonia 57 * International Law Applicable to Stuxnet 58 * International Law and State Sponsored Hacktivism 61 * The Tallinn Manual 64 * International Law and the Estonian Cyber attacks 68 * "There Oughta' Be a Law!" 73 * Why the Tallinn Manual Failed 76 * 4. Genuine Ethics versus "Folk Morality" in Cyberspace 85 * The Advantages of Taking "the Moral Point of View" 86 * The Challenge of Folk Morality for Authentic Ethics 88 * The Origins of Universal Moral Norms 91 * Thinking Ethically about Conflict in the Cyber Domain 96 * Just War Theory and the Morality of Exceptions 98 * Jus in Bello and Professional Military Ethics 101 * Jus in Silico: Ethics and Just War Theory in the Cyber Domain 102 * 5. If Aristotle Waged Cyberwar: How Norms Emerge from Practice 109 * Distinguishing between Laws and Norms 112 * The Methodology of Uncertainty: How Do Norms "Emerge?" 113 * Do Emergent Moral Norms Provide Effective Governance? 119 * 6. Privacy, Anonymity, and the Rise of State Sponsored Hacktivism 125 * Emergent Norms and the Rise of State Sponsored Hacktivism 126 * The Cunning of History 128 * Permissible Preemptive Cyber Self Defense 129 * Privacy, Anonymity, and the Sectors of Vulnerability 130 * Cyber security Measures for Individuals 131 * Privacy versus Anonymity 133 * A Limited Justification for Anonymity 135 * Restricting Anonymity while Preserving Privacy 137 * New "Rules of the Road" for Cyber Navigation 138 * 7. NSA Management Directive #424: Anticipatory National Self Defense 142 * Preventive War 143 * Initial Public Response 147 * The Dilemma of Edward Snowden 148 * Government Deception and Public Trust 150 * Defending National Boundaries And Personal Liberties 151 * State Norms for Respecting Sovereignty and Attaining Security 153 * Conclusion: Toward a Code of Ethics for Cyber Warriors 157 * References 167 * Index 175
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