Om V. Singh

Extremophiles

Sustainable Resources and Biotechnological Implications

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Extremophiles are increasingly studied for their utility in clinical biotechnology, drug development, and environmental biotechnology. The first book to focus on the biotechnological implications of these microorganisms, Extremophiles introduces researchers to advances in the field, along with production techniques and tools and criteria for data interpretation of extremolytes and extremozymes. The emphasis throughout is on therapeutic challenges and implications of various extremolytes, including the impact of FDA regulations on new products going forward. Potential commercial applications are also explored.

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Explores the utility and potential of extremophiles in sustainability and biotechnology

Many extremophilic bio-products are already used as life-saving drugs. Until recently, however, the difficulty of working with these microbes has discouraged efforts to develop extremophilic microbes as potential drug reservoirs of the future. Recent technological advances have opened the door to exploring these organisms anew as sources of products that might prove useful in clinical and environmental biotechnology and drug development.

Extremophiles features outstanding articles by expert scientists who shed light on broad-ranging areas of progress in the development of smart therapeutics for multiple disease types and products for industrial use. It bridges technological gaps, focusing on critical aspects of extremolytes and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis that are relevant to human health and bioenergy, including value-added products of commercial significance as well as other potentially viable products.

This groundbreaking guide:
Introduces the variety of extremophiles and their extremolytes including extremozymes
Provides an overview of the methodologies used to acquire extremophiles
Reviews the literature on the diversity of extremophiles
Offers tools and criteria for data interpretation of various extremolytes/extremozymes
Discusses experimental design problems associated with extremophiles and their therapeutic implications
Explores the challenges and possibilities of developing extremolytes for commercial purposes
Explains the FDA's regulations on certain microbial bio-products that will be of interest to potential industrialists

Extremophiles is an immensely useful resource for graduate students and researchers in biotechnology, clinical biotechnology, microbiology, and applied microbiology.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 456
• Erscheinungstermin: 19. November 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 254mm x 180mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 953g
• ISBN-13: 9781118103005
• ISBN-10: 1118103009
• Artikelnr.: 36170540

Autorenporträt

Dr. Singh is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh at Bradford and, in his sabattical time, a visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He volunteers his time as an online mentor for the American Society of Microbiology and in 2010 was honored as the ASM's Outstanding Online Mentor. Professor Singh serves on the boards of numerous journals and has already edited one book and written numerous peer-reviewed journal articles.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xv Introduction xix 1 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF EXTREMOPHILES 1
Debamitra Chakravorty, Ashwinee Kumar Shreshtha, V. R. Sarath Babu, and
Sanjukta Patra 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Molecular Evolution of Thermophiles 2
1.3 Molecular Evolution of Psychrophiles 4 1.4 Molecular Evolution of
Halophiles 6 1.5 Molecular Evolution of Alkaliphiles 7 1.6 Molecular
Evolution of Acidophiles 8 1.7 Molecular Evolution of Barophiles 10 1.8
Engineering Extremophiles 12 1.9 Case Studies 17 1.10 Implications of
Engineered Extremophiles on Ecology, Environment, and Health 20 1.11
Conclusions and Recommendations 20 2 ATTAINING EXTREMOPHILES AND
EXTREMOLYTES: METHODOLOGIES AND LIMITATIONS 29 Debamitra Chakravorty and
Sanjukta Patra 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Extremophiles: Types and Diversity
30 2.3 Extremolytes 54 2.4 Conclusions 64 3 STRATEGIES FOR THE ISOLATION
AND CULTIVATION OF HALOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS 75 Aharon Oren 3.1
Introduction 75 3.2 Thalassohaline and Athalassohaline Hypersaline
Environments 76 3.3 Case Studies 79 3.4 The Upper Salinity Limits of
Different Types of Energy Generation 85 3.5 Final Comments 88 4 HALOPHILIC
PROPERTIES AND THEIR MANIPULATION AND APPLICATION 95 Tsutomu Arakawa,
Hiroko Tokunaga, Matsujiro Ishibashi, and Masao Tokunaga 4.1 Introduction
95 4.2 Industrial Applications of Halophilic Organisms and Their Proteins
96 4.3 Extreme and Moderate Halophiles and Their Proteins 98 4.4 Generation
of Low-Salt Stable Extreme-Halophilic Proteins 99 4.5 Interconversion of
Halophilic and Nonhalophilic Proteins 105 4.6 Soluble Expression of
Recombinant Proteins 110 4.7 Natively Unfolded Proteins 113 4.8 Organic
Solvent Tolerance 113 5 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA 123
Ximena C. Abrevaya 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 General Features 124 5.3
Applications of Halophilic Archaea 130 5.4 Concluding Remarks 143 6
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLD-ADAPTED BACTERIA 159 Laura
Garcia-Descalzo, Alberto Alcazar, Fernando Baquero, and Cristina Cid 6.1
Introduction 159 6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Cold
Environments 162 6.3 Exopolysaccharides 163 6.4 Lipids 164 6.5 Proteins 164
6.6 Biotechnological Applications of Cold-Adapted Enzymes 168 6.7
Biodegradation and Bioremediation in Cold Environments 169 6.8 Conclusions
172 7 ECOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS,
PARTICULARLY ANAEROBIC HERMOPHILES 175 Francesco Canganella 7.1
Introduction 175 7.2 Thermophiles 176 7.3 Acidophiles 187 7.4 Alkaliphiles
191 7.5 Halophiles 193 7.6 Piezophiles 194 8 THE ROLE OF EXTREMOPHILIC
MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR BIOPRODUCTS IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION 205
Jane A. Irwin 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Enzymes from Extremophiles in Food
Processing 206 8.3 Alkaliphiles, Acidophiles, and Piezophiles 217 8.4
Extremophiles in Food Spoilage and Contamination 218 8.5 Extremophiles as
Pathogens of Food Species 221 8.6 Conclusions 222 9 EXTREMOPHILES AND THEIR
APPLICATION TO BIOFUEL RESEARCH 233 M.P. Taylor, R. Bauer, S. Mackay, M.
Tuffin, and D.A. Cowan 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Extremophiles and Fuels 235
9.3 Exploiting Extremophilic Enzymes in Biomass Conversion to Biofuel 241
9.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 249 10 SUSTAINABLE ROLE OF
THERMOPHILES IN THE SECOND GENERATION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION 267 Anuj K.
Chandel, Ellen C. Giese, Om V. Singh, and Silvio Silverio da Silva 10.1
Introduction 267 10.2 Thermophilic Cellulases for Deconstruction of the
Plant Cell Wall 269 10.3 Ethanol Production at Elevated Temperatures 274
10.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges 281 10.5 Conclusions 283 11
ECOFRIENDLY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF EXTREMOPHILIC ENZYMES IN TEXTILE
SUBSTRATES 291 Bipin J. Agrawal and Sandhya Mishra 11.1 Introduction 291
11.2 Biopolymeric Fibers 292 11.3 Extremophilic Enzymes and Their Use in
the Textile Industry 293 11.4 Utilization of Extremophilic Enzymes in
Textile Wet Processing 297 11.5 Finishing with Extremophilic Enzymes 306
11.6 Role of Enzymes in Textile After-Care 311 11.7 Role of Enzymes in
Effluent Treatment of Textiles 314 11.8 Conclusions 315 12 THE USE OF
EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY OF METALS 319
Carlos A. Jerez 12.1 Introduction 319 12.2 Biomining Extremophiles and
Their Industrial Applications 320 12.3 Molecular Studies in Acidophilic
Biomining Microorganisms 322 12.4 Microbial Resistance to Acid and Metals
324 13 BACTERIAL POLYMERS PRODUCED BY EXTREMOPHILES: BIOSYNTHESIS,
CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 335 Nicolaus
Barbara, Anzelmo Gianluca, and Poli Annarita 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 EPS
Produced by Extremophilic Bacteria 336 13.3 Examples of Proposed EPS
Biosynthesis from Extremophiles 345 13.4 Physicochemical Investigations for
Potential Applications 349 14 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES
PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 357 Ignacio
J. Molina, Carmen Ruiz-Ruiz, Emilia Quesada, and Victoria B¿ejar 14.1
Introduction 357 14.2 Chemical Composition and Structure of EPSs 358 14.3
Physical Properties of EPSs 358 14.4 Biological Functions of EPSs 359 14.5
Exopolysaccharides Deriving from Extremophilic Organisms 359 14.6 Clinical
Applications of EPSs 359 14.7 Exopolysaccharides of Halophilic
Microorganisms 361 14.8 Concluding Remarks 362 15 BIOSYNTHESIS OF
EXTREMOLYTES: RADIATION RESISTANCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 367
Erin Copeland, Nicholas Choy, Prashant Gabani, and Om V. Singh 15.1
Introduction 367 15.2 Biotechnological Implications of Extremolytes 369
15.3 Fermentative Production of Extremolytes 371 15.4 Commercialization of
Extremolytes and Extremozymes 380 15.5 Product Recovery 382 15.6
Conclusions 383 16 SMART THERAPEUTICS FROM EXTREMOPHILES: UNEXPLORED
APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES 389 Raj Kumar and Ajeet Singh
16.1 Introduction 389 16.2 Extremolytes as Protein Protectants 391 16.3
Extremolytes as Cell Protectants 391 16.4 Novel Therapeutics in the
Developmental Stage 393 16.5 Homeland Security and Military Medicine 394
16.6 Technological Gaps in Therapeutic Product Development Using
Extremophiles 396 16.7 Conclusions 397 Acknowledgment 398 References 398
Index 403