The issue of child labour is inextricably linked to questions of population and development. However, studies of child labour are complex and exciting in that they require the adoption of a rigorous methodology. In this research, we are interested in the links between family structure (explanatory variable) and child labour (explained variable). The aim of the research is to determine the role of family structure in child labour involvement in the Dakar region. The study showed that the child's sex is associated with the risk of child labour. However, the link between involvement in child labour and kinship with the head of household was not established. We note that being a girl increases exposure to the risk of child labour among children aged 5-17.