The status of living of the rural fishing communities in the Chitwan valley of Nepal was never carried out before. Therefore, the study regarding their socio-economics was carried out under Toni Hagen Fellowship in 2010. Along with it, the fresh water biodiversity of the two river systems of the valley was assessed. This study also established the baseline database of the fishing communities like Botes, Majhis and the Musahars who are the ethnic fishing communities.