From fake news to conspiracy theories, from inflammatory memes to misleading headlines, misinformation has swiftly become the defining problem of our era. The crisis threatens the integrity of our democracies, our ability to cultivate trusting relationships, even our physical and psychological well-being-yet most attempts to combat it have proven insufficient. In Foolproof, one of the world's leading experts on misinformation lays out a crucial new paradigm for understanding and defending ourselves against the worldwide infodemic. With remarkable clarity, Sander van der Linden explains why our brains are so vulnerable to misinformation, how it spreads across social networks, and what we can do to protect ourselves and others. Like a virus, misinformation infects our minds, exploiting shortcuts in how we see and process information to alter our beliefs, modify our memories, and replicate at astonishing rates. Once the virus takes hold, it's very hard to cure. Strategies like fact-checking and debunking can leave a falsehood still festering or, at worst, even strengthen its hold. But we aren't helpless. As van der Linden shows based on award-winning original research, we can cultivate immunity through the innovative science of "prebunking": inoculating people against false information by preemptively exposing them to a weakened dose, thus empowering them to identify and fend off its manipulative tactics. Deconstructing the characteristic techniques of conspiracies and misinformation, van der Linden gives readers practical tools to defend themselves and others against nefarious persuasion-whether at scale or around their own dinner table.
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'Foolproof proves an overview that is authoritative, comprehensive and chatty. You won't find a better survey of what is now a vast interdisciplinary landscape and that alone is a great service' Tim Harford
'An insightful and forensic examination of why our brains entertain disinformation - and the remedies that can protect us all from its real-world harm. For everyone who messages me asking how they can speak to someone who has fallen victim to online conspiracies - this is the book for you!' Marianna Spring
'Powerfully analyses why everyone is susceptible, how falsehoods spread, and how to "prebunk" misinformation and "inoculate" ourselves and others against it' Nature
'A fascinating, in-depth investigation into the complex landscape of misinformation from someone who has spent his career trying to combat fake news. You will never look at your social media feeds in the same way again' Angela Saini, author of The Patriarchs
'This brilliant book vividly illuminates the challenges of countering misinformation, showing how human psychology can make us vulnerable to manipulation and conspiracy theories. Van der Linden's analysis would be utterly depressing, were he not to provide a set of powerful evidence-based 'antigens' designed to protect us from false claims. They have never been more needed' Professor David Spiegelhalter
... Readers will find an accessible crash course on how human psychology functions in processing information and assessing its truthfulness. Van der Linden is highly skilled at condensing the most relevant knowledge into a highly coherent text' The Skeptic
'Sander van der Linden is one of the world's leading experts on combating misinformation, and Foolproof is the ultimate handbook for navigating - and fighting back against - the tsunami that threatens to drown us in bullshit' Jay Van Bavel, author of The Power of Us
'An insightful and forensic examination of why our brains entertain disinformation - and the remedies that can protect us all from its real-world harm. For everyone who messages me asking how they can speak to someone who has fallen victim to online conspiracies - this is the book for you!' Marianna Spring
'Powerfully analyses why everyone is susceptible, how falsehoods spread, and how to "prebunk" misinformation and "inoculate" ourselves and others against it' Nature
'A fascinating, in-depth investigation into the complex landscape of misinformation from someone who has spent his career trying to combat fake news. You will never look at your social media feeds in the same way again' Angela Saini, author of The Patriarchs
'This brilliant book vividly illuminates the challenges of countering misinformation, showing how human psychology can make us vulnerable to manipulation and conspiracy theories. Van der Linden's analysis would be utterly depressing, were he not to provide a set of powerful evidence-based 'antigens' designed to protect us from false claims. They have never been more needed' Professor David Spiegelhalter
... Readers will find an accessible crash course on how human psychology functions in processing information and assessing its truthfulness. Van der Linden is highly skilled at condensing the most relevant knowledge into a highly coherent text' The Skeptic
'Sander van der Linden is one of the world's leading experts on combating misinformation, and Foolproof is the ultimate handbook for navigating - and fighting back against - the tsunami that threatens to drown us in bullshit' Jay Van Bavel, author of The Power of Us
'Foolproof proves an overview that is authoritative, comprehensive and chatty. You won't find a better survey of what is now a vast interdisciplinary landscape and that alone is a great service' Tim Harford
'An insightful and forensic examination of why our brains entertain disinformation - and the remedies that can protect us all from its real-world harm. For everyone who messages me asking how they can speak to someone who has fallen victim to online conspiracies - this is the book for you!' Marianna Spring
'Powerfully analyses why everyone is susceptible, how falsehoods spread, and how to "prebunk" misinformation and "inoculate" ourselves and others against it' Nature
'A fascinating, in-depth investigation into the complex landscape of misinformation from someone who has spent his career trying to combat fake news. You will never look at your social media feeds in the same way again' Angela Saini, author of The Patriarchs
'This brilliant book vividly illuminates the challenges of countering misinformation, showing how human psychology can make us vulnerable to manipulation and conspiracy theories. Van der Linden's analysis would be utterly depressing, were he not to provide a set of powerful evidence-based 'antigens' designed to protect us from false claims. They have never been more needed' Professor David Spiegelhalter
... Readers will find an accessible crash course on how human psychology functions in processing information and assessing its truthfulness. Van der Linden is highly skilled at condensing the most relevant knowledge into a highly coherent text' The Skeptic
'Sander van der Linden is one of the world's leading experts on combating misinformation, and Foolproof is the ultimate handbook for navigating - and fighting back against - the tsunami that threatens to drown us in bullshit' Jay Van Bavel, author of The Power of Us
'An insightful and forensic examination of why our brains entertain disinformation - and the remedies that can protect us all from its real-world harm. For everyone who messages me asking how they can speak to someone who has fallen victim to online conspiracies - this is the book for you!' Marianna Spring
'Powerfully analyses why everyone is susceptible, how falsehoods spread, and how to "prebunk" misinformation and "inoculate" ourselves and others against it' Nature
'A fascinating, in-depth investigation into the complex landscape of misinformation from someone who has spent his career trying to combat fake news. You will never look at your social media feeds in the same way again' Angela Saini, author of The Patriarchs
'This brilliant book vividly illuminates the challenges of countering misinformation, showing how human psychology can make us vulnerable to manipulation and conspiracy theories. Van der Linden's analysis would be utterly depressing, were he not to provide a set of powerful evidence-based 'antigens' designed to protect us from false claims. They have never been more needed' Professor David Spiegelhalter
... Readers will find an accessible crash course on how human psychology functions in processing information and assessing its truthfulness. Van der Linden is highly skilled at condensing the most relevant knowledge into a highly coherent text' The Skeptic
'Sander van der Linden is one of the world's leading experts on combating misinformation, and Foolproof is the ultimate handbook for navigating - and fighting back against - the tsunami that threatens to drown us in bullshit' Jay Van Bavel, author of The Power of Us