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A practical introduction to state-of-the-art freeform optics design for LED packages and applications By affording designers the freedom to create complex, aspherical optical surfaces with minimal or no aberrations, freeform design transcends the constraints imposed by hundreds of years of optics design and fabrication. Combining unprecedented design freedom with precise light irradiation control, freeform optics design is also revolutionizing the design and manufacture of high quality LED lighting. The first and only book of its kind, Freeform Optics for LED Packages and Applications helps…mehr
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A practical introduction to state-of-the-art freeform optics design for LED packages and applications By affording designers the freedom to create complex, aspherical optical surfaces with minimal or no aberrations, freeform design transcends the constraints imposed by hundreds of years of optics design and fabrication. Combining unprecedented design freedom with precise light irradiation control, freeform optics design is also revolutionizing the design and manufacture of high quality LED lighting. The first and only book of its kind, Freeform Optics for LED Packages and Applications helps put readers at the forefront of the freeform optics revolution. Designed to function as both an authoritative review of the current state of the industry and a practical introduction to advanced optical design for LED lighting, this book makes learning and mastering freeform optics skills simpler and easier than ever before with: * Real-world examples and case studies systematically describing an array of algorithms and designs--from new freeform algorithms to design methods to advanced optical designs * Coding for all freeform optics algorithms covered--makes it easier and more convenient to start developing points of freeform optics and construct lenses or reflectors, right away * Case studies of a range of products, including designs for a freeform optics LED bulb, an LED spotlight, LED street lights, an LED BLU, and many more Freeform Optics for LED Packages and Applications is must-reading for optical design engineers and LED researchers, as well as advanced-level students with an interest in LED lighting. It is also an indispensable working resource design practitioners within the LED lighting industry.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 352
- Erscheinungstermin: 18. September 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 175mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 703g
- ISBN-13: 9781118749715
- ISBN-10: 1118749715
- Artikelnr.: 40448753
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 352
- Erscheinungstermin: 18. September 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 175mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 703g
- ISBN-13: 9781118749715
- ISBN-10: 1118749715
- Artikelnr.: 40448753
Kai Wang, Ph.D., Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China Sheng Liu, Ph.D., Wuhan University, Hubei, China Xiaobing Luo, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China Dan Wu, Ph.D., Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of LED Lighting 1 1.2 Development
Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5 1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical
Design of LED Lighting 7 1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7 1.3.2
Controllable Light Pattern 7 1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8 1.4
Introduction of Freeform Optics 10 References 12 2 Review of Main
Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2
Tailored Design Method 16 2.3 SMS Design Method 17 2.4 Light Energy Mapping
Design Method 18 2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19 2.6 Design
Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22 References 22 3
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25 3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 25 3.2.1 Freeform
Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26 3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy
Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27 3.2.1.2 Step 2.
Construct a Freeform Lens 31 3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33 3.2.3 Circularly
Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39 3.3 Circularly Symmetrical
Freeform Lens - Extended Source 42 3.3.1.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point
Source Freeform Lens 45 3.3.1.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback
Optimization Ratios 45 3.3.1.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane
and Light Source 46 3.3.1.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between
the Light Source and Target Plane 46 3.3.1.5 Step 5. Construction of a
Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47 3.3.1.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing
Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47 3.4 Noncircularly
Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 48 3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform
Lens Algorithm 49 3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 49 3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52 3.4.1.3 Step 3.
Validation of Lens Design 55 3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57 3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light
Energy Mapping 58 3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Extended
Source 60 3.5.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 61 3.5.1.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61 3.5.1.3
Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62 3.6 Reversing the Design Method for
Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63 3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of
LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64 3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the
Required LIDC 66 References 68 4 Application-Specific LED Package
Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71 4.1 Application-Specific LED Package
(ASLP) Design Concept 71 4.2 ASLP Single Module 72 4.2.1 Design Method of a
Compact Freeform Lens 72 4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73 4.2.2.1 Optical
Modeling 73 4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73 4.2.2.3 ASLP
Module 74 4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76 4.2.3.1
Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76 4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77 4.2.3.3
Experiments 81 4.3 ASLP Array Module 85 4.4 ASLP System Integrated with
Multiple Functions 87 4.4.1 Optical Design 89 4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89 4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90 4.4.1.4
Simulation of Lighting Performance 91 4.4.2 Thermal Management 91 4.4.3
ASLP Module 94 References 96 5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small
LED Source 99 5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100 5.2.2
Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103 5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle
Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108 5.3.1 Target Plane Grids
Optimization 108 5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108 5.3.3 Target
Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109 5.4 A
Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110 5.5 A
Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113 5.5.1 Design
Example 1 114 5.5.2 Design Example 2 115 5.5.3 Design Example 3 116 5.6 A
Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117 5.6.2 Design Case 118 5.6.2.1 Algorithms and
Design Procedure 118 5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119 5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo
Optical Simulation 121 References 124 6 Freeform Optics for LED Road
Lighting 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED
Road Lighting 126 6.2.1 Illuminance 127 6.2.2 Luminance 128 6.2.3 Glare
RestrictionThreshold Increment 129 6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130 6.3
Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131 6.3.1 Design
of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131 6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical
Modeling for an LED 131 6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133 6.3.2
Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134 6.3.3
Experimental Analyses 139 6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the
Lighting Performance 139 6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144 6.3.4.2 Optical
Performance Testing 146 6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150 6.3.5 Case
Study - LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152 6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL)
for LED Road Lighting 154 6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod
154 6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154 6.4.3 Spatial
Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158 6.5 Freeform
Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164 6.5.1 Problem
Statement 164 6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road
Lighting 166 6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road
Lighting 171 6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization
Ratio 174 6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178 7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186 7.4
Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191 7.4.1
Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended
Source 194 7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source
Uniform Illumination 195 7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196 7.4.2.2
Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197 7.4.2.3 Step 3.
Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198 7.4.2.4 Step 4.
Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198 7.4.3
Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198 7.5
Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203 7.5.1
Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203 7.5.2 Optimization of a
High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203 7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and
ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206 7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for
High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210 7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211 7.6.1.2 Step
2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212 7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction
of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213 7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213 7.6.2.1
Basic Setup of a BLU 213 7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended
Source and Near Field 219 7.7.1 Design Method 220 7.7.1.1 IDF of Single
Extended Source 220 7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221 7.7.1.3 Construction
of Freeform Lens 222 7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223 References 228 8 Freeform Optics for LED
Automotive Headlamps 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Optical Regulations of
Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231 8.2.1 Low-Beam 231 8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232 8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps
234 8.3.1 Small Étendue 234 8.3.2 High Luminance 235 8.3.3 Strip Shape
Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236 8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging
236 8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236 8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for
Headlamps 238 8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239 8.4.1
Introduction 239 8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239 8.4.2.1 Design of
Collection Optics 240 8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241 8.4.3 Design
Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243 8.4.3.1 Design of a
Low-Beam Lens 244 8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246 8.4.4 Design Case
of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249 8.5 Freeform Optics
Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250 8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR
for an LED Headlamp 255 8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR
Reflectors 258 8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 262
References 266 9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269 9.1
Introduction 269 9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an
LED Pico-Projector 269 9.2.1 Introduction 269 9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a
Small Output Angle 271 9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED's Light
Source 273 9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273 9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design
of the TIR Lens 273 9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform
Illumination Lens 279 9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280 9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector
Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281 9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical
System for an LED Stage Light 283 9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam
Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285 9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the
One-Dimensional Target Plane 285 9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a
One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285 9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 287 9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular
Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287 9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm
of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288 9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 290 9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED
Airport Taxiway Light 290 9.4.1 Introduction 290 9.4.2 Requirement
Statement 291 9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291 9.4.4 Simulation
and Optimization 293 9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294 9.4.6 Design of an LED
Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295 9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297 9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence
Angle 298 9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301 9.5.3.1 The
Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301 9.5.3.2 Tolerance
Analysis 304 References 305 10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High
Spatial Color Uniformity 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Optical Design
Concept 308 10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309 10.3.2 Tolerance
Analyses 312 10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313 10.3.4
Experimental Analyses 314 10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with
a High SCU 323 10.4.1 Introduction 323 10.4.2 Design Principle for a High
SCU 325 10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325 10.4.4
Optimization Results and Discussions 328 References 332 Appendix: Codes of
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335 Index 351
Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5 1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical
Design of LED Lighting 7 1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7 1.3.2
Controllable Light Pattern 7 1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8 1.4
Introduction of Freeform Optics 10 References 12 2 Review of Main
Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2
Tailored Design Method 16 2.3 SMS Design Method 17 2.4 Light Energy Mapping
Design Method 18 2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19 2.6 Design
Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22 References 22 3
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25 3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 25 3.2.1 Freeform
Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26 3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy
Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27 3.2.1.2 Step 2.
Construct a Freeform Lens 31 3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33 3.2.3 Circularly
Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39 3.3 Circularly Symmetrical
Freeform Lens - Extended Source 42 3.3.1.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point
Source Freeform Lens 45 3.3.1.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback
Optimization Ratios 45 3.3.1.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane
and Light Source 46 3.3.1.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between
the Light Source and Target Plane 46 3.3.1.5 Step 5. Construction of a
Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47 3.3.1.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing
Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47 3.4 Noncircularly
Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 48 3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform
Lens Algorithm 49 3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 49 3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52 3.4.1.3 Step 3.
Validation of Lens Design 55 3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57 3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light
Energy Mapping 58 3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Extended
Source 60 3.5.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 61 3.5.1.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61 3.5.1.3
Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62 3.6 Reversing the Design Method for
Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63 3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of
LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64 3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the
Required LIDC 66 References 68 4 Application-Specific LED Package
Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71 4.1 Application-Specific LED Package
(ASLP) Design Concept 71 4.2 ASLP Single Module 72 4.2.1 Design Method of a
Compact Freeform Lens 72 4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73 4.2.2.1 Optical
Modeling 73 4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73 4.2.2.3 ASLP
Module 74 4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76 4.2.3.1
Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76 4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77 4.2.3.3
Experiments 81 4.3 ASLP Array Module 85 4.4 ASLP System Integrated with
Multiple Functions 87 4.4.1 Optical Design 89 4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89 4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90 4.4.1.4
Simulation of Lighting Performance 91 4.4.2 Thermal Management 91 4.4.3
ASLP Module 94 References 96 5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small
LED Source 99 5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100 5.2.2
Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103 5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle
Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108 5.3.1 Target Plane Grids
Optimization 108 5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108 5.3.3 Target
Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109 5.4 A
Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110 5.5 A
Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113 5.5.1 Design
Example 1 114 5.5.2 Design Example 2 115 5.5.3 Design Example 3 116 5.6 A
Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117 5.6.2 Design Case 118 5.6.2.1 Algorithms and
Design Procedure 118 5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119 5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo
Optical Simulation 121 References 124 6 Freeform Optics for LED Road
Lighting 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED
Road Lighting 126 6.2.1 Illuminance 127 6.2.2 Luminance 128 6.2.3 Glare
RestrictionThreshold Increment 129 6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130 6.3
Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131 6.3.1 Design
of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131 6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical
Modeling for an LED 131 6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133 6.3.2
Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134 6.3.3
Experimental Analyses 139 6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the
Lighting Performance 139 6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144 6.3.4.2 Optical
Performance Testing 146 6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150 6.3.5 Case
Study - LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152 6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL)
for LED Road Lighting 154 6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod
154 6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154 6.4.3 Spatial
Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158 6.5 Freeform
Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164 6.5.1 Problem
Statement 164 6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road
Lighting 166 6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road
Lighting 171 6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization
Ratio 174 6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178 7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186 7.4
Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191 7.4.1
Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended
Source 194 7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source
Uniform Illumination 195 7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196 7.4.2.2
Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197 7.4.2.3 Step 3.
Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198 7.4.2.4 Step 4.
Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198 7.4.3
Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198 7.5
Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203 7.5.1
Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203 7.5.2 Optimization of a
High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203 7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and
ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206 7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for
High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210 7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211 7.6.1.2 Step
2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212 7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction
of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213 7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213 7.6.2.1
Basic Setup of a BLU 213 7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended
Source and Near Field 219 7.7.1 Design Method 220 7.7.1.1 IDF of Single
Extended Source 220 7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221 7.7.1.3 Construction
of Freeform Lens 222 7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223 References 228 8 Freeform Optics for LED
Automotive Headlamps 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Optical Regulations of
Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231 8.2.1 Low-Beam 231 8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232 8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps
234 8.3.1 Small Étendue 234 8.3.2 High Luminance 235 8.3.3 Strip Shape
Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236 8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging
236 8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236 8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for
Headlamps 238 8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239 8.4.1
Introduction 239 8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239 8.4.2.1 Design of
Collection Optics 240 8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241 8.4.3 Design
Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243 8.4.3.1 Design of a
Low-Beam Lens 244 8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246 8.4.4 Design Case
of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249 8.5 Freeform Optics
Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250 8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR
for an LED Headlamp 255 8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR
Reflectors 258 8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 262
References 266 9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269 9.1
Introduction 269 9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an
LED Pico-Projector 269 9.2.1 Introduction 269 9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a
Small Output Angle 271 9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED's Light
Source 273 9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273 9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design
of the TIR Lens 273 9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform
Illumination Lens 279 9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280 9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector
Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281 9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical
System for an LED Stage Light 283 9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam
Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285 9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the
One-Dimensional Target Plane 285 9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a
One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285 9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 287 9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular
Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287 9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm
of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288 9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 290 9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED
Airport Taxiway Light 290 9.4.1 Introduction 290 9.4.2 Requirement
Statement 291 9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291 9.4.4 Simulation
and Optimization 293 9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294 9.4.6 Design of an LED
Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295 9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297 9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence
Angle 298 9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301 9.5.3.1 The
Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301 9.5.3.2 Tolerance
Analysis 304 References 305 10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High
Spatial Color Uniformity 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Optical Design
Concept 308 10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309 10.3.2 Tolerance
Analyses 312 10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313 10.3.4
Experimental Analyses 314 10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with
a High SCU 323 10.4.1 Introduction 323 10.4.2 Design Principle for a High
SCU 325 10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325 10.4.4
Optimization Results and Discussions 328 References 332 Appendix: Codes of
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335 Index 351
Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of LED Lighting 1 1.2 Development
Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5 1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical
Design of LED Lighting 7 1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7 1.3.2
Controllable Light Pattern 7 1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8 1.4
Introduction of Freeform Optics 10 References 12 2 Review of Main
Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2
Tailored Design Method 16 2.3 SMS Design Method 17 2.4 Light Energy Mapping
Design Method 18 2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19 2.6 Design
Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22 References 22 3
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25 3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 25 3.2.1 Freeform
Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26 3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy
Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27 3.2.1.2 Step 2.
Construct a Freeform Lens 31 3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33 3.2.3 Circularly
Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39 3.3 Circularly Symmetrical
Freeform Lens - Extended Source 42 3.3.1.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point
Source Freeform Lens 45 3.3.1.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback
Optimization Ratios 45 3.3.1.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane
and Light Source 46 3.3.1.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between
the Light Source and Target Plane 46 3.3.1.5 Step 5. Construction of a
Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47 3.3.1.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing
Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47 3.4 Noncircularly
Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 48 3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform
Lens Algorithm 49 3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 49 3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52 3.4.1.3 Step 3.
Validation of Lens Design 55 3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57 3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light
Energy Mapping 58 3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Extended
Source 60 3.5.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 61 3.5.1.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61 3.5.1.3
Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62 3.6 Reversing the Design Method for
Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63 3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of
LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64 3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the
Required LIDC 66 References 68 4 Application-Specific LED Package
Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71 4.1 Application-Specific LED Package
(ASLP) Design Concept 71 4.2 ASLP Single Module 72 4.2.1 Design Method of a
Compact Freeform Lens 72 4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73 4.2.2.1 Optical
Modeling 73 4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73 4.2.2.3 ASLP
Module 74 4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76 4.2.3.1
Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76 4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77 4.2.3.3
Experiments 81 4.3 ASLP Array Module 85 4.4 ASLP System Integrated with
Multiple Functions 87 4.4.1 Optical Design 89 4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89 4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90 4.4.1.4
Simulation of Lighting Performance 91 4.4.2 Thermal Management 91 4.4.3
ASLP Module 94 References 96 5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small
LED Source 99 5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100 5.2.2
Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103 5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle
Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108 5.3.1 Target Plane Grids
Optimization 108 5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108 5.3.3 Target
Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109 5.4 A
Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110 5.5 A
Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113 5.5.1 Design
Example 1 114 5.5.2 Design Example 2 115 5.5.3 Design Example 3 116 5.6 A
Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117 5.6.2 Design Case 118 5.6.2.1 Algorithms and
Design Procedure 118 5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119 5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo
Optical Simulation 121 References 124 6 Freeform Optics for LED Road
Lighting 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED
Road Lighting 126 6.2.1 Illuminance 127 6.2.2 Luminance 128 6.2.3 Glare
RestrictionThreshold Increment 129 6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130 6.3
Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131 6.3.1 Design
of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131 6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical
Modeling for an LED 131 6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133 6.3.2
Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134 6.3.3
Experimental Analyses 139 6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the
Lighting Performance 139 6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144 6.3.4.2 Optical
Performance Testing 146 6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150 6.3.5 Case
Study - LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152 6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL)
for LED Road Lighting 154 6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod
154 6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154 6.4.3 Spatial
Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158 6.5 Freeform
Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164 6.5.1 Problem
Statement 164 6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road
Lighting 166 6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road
Lighting 171 6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization
Ratio 174 6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178 7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186 7.4
Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191 7.4.1
Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended
Source 194 7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source
Uniform Illumination 195 7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196 7.4.2.2
Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197 7.4.2.3 Step 3.
Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198 7.4.2.4 Step 4.
Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198 7.4.3
Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198 7.5
Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203 7.5.1
Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203 7.5.2 Optimization of a
High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203 7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and
ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206 7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for
High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210 7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211 7.6.1.2 Step
2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212 7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction
of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213 7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213 7.6.2.1
Basic Setup of a BLU 213 7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended
Source and Near Field 219 7.7.1 Design Method 220 7.7.1.1 IDF of Single
Extended Source 220 7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221 7.7.1.3 Construction
of Freeform Lens 222 7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223 References 228 8 Freeform Optics for LED
Automotive Headlamps 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Optical Regulations of
Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231 8.2.1 Low-Beam 231 8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232 8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps
234 8.3.1 Small Étendue 234 8.3.2 High Luminance 235 8.3.3 Strip Shape
Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236 8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging
236 8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236 8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for
Headlamps 238 8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239 8.4.1
Introduction 239 8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239 8.4.2.1 Design of
Collection Optics 240 8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241 8.4.3 Design
Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243 8.4.3.1 Design of a
Low-Beam Lens 244 8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246 8.4.4 Design Case
of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249 8.5 Freeform Optics
Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250 8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR
for an LED Headlamp 255 8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR
Reflectors 258 8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 262
References 266 9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269 9.1
Introduction 269 9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an
LED Pico-Projector 269 9.2.1 Introduction 269 9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a
Small Output Angle 271 9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED's Light
Source 273 9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273 9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design
of the TIR Lens 273 9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform
Illumination Lens 279 9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280 9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector
Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281 9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical
System for an LED Stage Light 283 9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam
Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285 9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the
One-Dimensional Target Plane 285 9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a
One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285 9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 287 9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular
Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287 9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm
of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288 9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 290 9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED
Airport Taxiway Light 290 9.4.1 Introduction 290 9.4.2 Requirement
Statement 291 9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291 9.4.4 Simulation
and Optimization 293 9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294 9.4.6 Design of an LED
Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295 9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297 9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence
Angle 298 9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301 9.5.3.1 The
Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301 9.5.3.2 Tolerance
Analysis 304 References 305 10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High
Spatial Color Uniformity 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Optical Design
Concept 308 10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309 10.3.2 Tolerance
Analyses 312 10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313 10.3.4
Experimental Analyses 314 10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with
a High SCU 323 10.4.1 Introduction 323 10.4.2 Design Principle for a High
SCU 325 10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325 10.4.4
Optimization Results and Discussions 328 References 332 Appendix: Codes of
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335 Index 351
Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5 1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical
Design of LED Lighting 7 1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7 1.3.2
Controllable Light Pattern 7 1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8 1.4
Introduction of Freeform Optics 10 References 12 2 Review of Main
Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2
Tailored Design Method 16 2.3 SMS Design Method 17 2.4 Light Energy Mapping
Design Method 18 2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19 2.6 Design
Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22 References 22 3
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25 3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 25 3.2.1 Freeform
Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26 3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy
Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27 3.2.1.2 Step 2.
Construct a Freeform Lens 31 3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33 3.2.3 Circularly
Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39 3.3 Circularly Symmetrical
Freeform Lens - Extended Source 42 3.3.1.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point
Source Freeform Lens 45 3.3.1.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback
Optimization Ratios 45 3.3.1.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane
and Light Source 46 3.3.1.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between
the Light Source and Target Plane 46 3.3.1.5 Step 5. Construction of a
Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47 3.3.1.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing
Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47 3.4 Noncircularly
Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Point Source 48 3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform
Lens Algorithm 49 3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 49 3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52 3.4.1.3 Step 3.
Validation of Lens Design 55 3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57 3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light
Energy Mapping 58 3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens - Extended
Source 60 3.5.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping
Relationship 61 3.5.1.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61 3.5.1.3
Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62 3.6 Reversing the Design Method for
Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63 3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of
LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64 3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the
Required LIDC 66 References 68 4 Application-Specific LED Package
Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71 4.1 Application-Specific LED Package
(ASLP) Design Concept 71 4.2 ASLP Single Module 72 4.2.1 Design Method of a
Compact Freeform Lens 72 4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73 4.2.2.1 Optical
Modeling 73 4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73 4.2.2.3 ASLP
Module 74 4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76 4.2.3.1
Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76 4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77 4.2.3.3
Experiments 81 4.3 ASLP Array Module 85 4.4 ASLP System Integrated with
Multiple Functions 87 4.4.1 Optical Design 89 4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89 4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90 4.4.1.4
Simulation of Lighting Performance 91 4.4.2 Thermal Management 91 4.4.3
ASLP Module 94 References 96 5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small
LED Source 99 5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100 5.2.2
Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103 5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle
Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108 5.3.1 Target Plane Grids
Optimization 108 5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108 5.3.3 Target
Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109 5.4 A
Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110 5.5 A
Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113 5.5.1 Design
Example 1 114 5.5.2 Design Example 2 115 5.5.3 Design Example 3 116 5.6 A
Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117 5.6.2 Design Case 118 5.6.2.1 Algorithms and
Design Procedure 118 5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119 5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo
Optical Simulation 121 References 124 6 Freeform Optics for LED Road
Lighting 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED
Road Lighting 126 6.2.1 Illuminance 127 6.2.2 Luminance 128 6.2.3 Glare
RestrictionThreshold Increment 129 6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130 6.3
Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131 6.3.1 Design
of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131 6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical
Modeling for an LED 131 6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133 6.3.2
Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134 6.3.3
Experimental Analyses 139 6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the
Lighting Performance 139 6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144 6.3.4.2 Optical
Performance Testing 146 6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150 6.3.5 Case
Study - LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152 6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL)
for LED Road Lighting 154 6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod
154 6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154 6.4.3 Spatial
Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158 6.5 Freeform
Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164 6.5.1 Problem
Statement 164 6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road
Lighting 166 6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road
Lighting 171 6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization
Ratio 174 6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178 7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186 7.4
Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191 7.4.1
Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended
Source 194 7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source
Uniform Illumination 195 7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196 7.4.2.2
Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197 7.4.2.3 Step 3.
Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198 7.4.2.4 Step 4.
Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198 7.4.3
Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198 7.5
Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203 7.5.1
Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203 7.5.2 Optimization of a
High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203 7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and
ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206 7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for
High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210 7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211 7.6.1.2 Step
2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212 7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction
of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213 7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213 7.6.2.1
Basic Setup of a BLU 213 7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended
Source and Near Field 219 7.7.1 Design Method 220 7.7.1.1 IDF of Single
Extended Source 220 7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221 7.7.1.3 Construction
of Freeform Lens 222 7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223 References 228 8 Freeform Optics for LED
Automotive Headlamps 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Optical Regulations of
Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231 8.2.1 Low-Beam 231 8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232 8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps
234 8.3.1 Small Étendue 234 8.3.2 High Luminance 235 8.3.3 Strip Shape
Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236 8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging
236 8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236 8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for
Headlamps 238 8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239 8.4.1
Introduction 239 8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239 8.4.2.1 Design of
Collection Optics 240 8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241 8.4.3 Design
Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243 8.4.3.1 Design of a
Low-Beam Lens 244 8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246 8.4.4 Design Case
of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249 8.5 Freeform Optics
Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250 8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR
for an LED Headlamp 255 8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR
Reflectors 258 8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 262
References 266 9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269 9.1
Introduction 269 9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an
LED Pico-Projector 269 9.2.1 Introduction 269 9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a
Small Output Angle 271 9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED's Light
Source 273 9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273 9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design
of the TIR Lens 273 9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform
Illumination Lens 279 9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280 9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector
Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281 9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical
System for an LED Stage Light 283 9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam
Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285 9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the
One-Dimensional Target Plane 285 9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a
One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285 9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 287 9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular
Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287 9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm
of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288 9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical
Simulation Results of the Optical System 290 9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED
Airport Taxiway Light 290 9.4.1 Introduction 290 9.4.2 Requirement
Statement 291 9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291 9.4.4 Simulation
and Optimization 293 9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294 9.4.6 Design of an LED
Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295 9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297 9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence
Angle 298 9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301 9.5.3.1 The
Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301 9.5.3.2 Tolerance
Analysis 304 References 305 10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High
Spatial Color Uniformity 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Optical Design
Concept 308 10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309 10.3.2 Tolerance
Analyses 312 10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313 10.3.4
Experimental Analyses 314 10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with
a High SCU 323 10.4.1 Introduction 323 10.4.2 Design Principle for a High
SCU 325 10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325 10.4.4
Optimization Results and Discussions 328 References 332 Appendix: Codes of
Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335 Index 351