Monograph introduces readers to the everyday life of the Orenburg Cossacks of the 19th century. In the book on the basis of archival materials, memoirs, statistical data and publications in periodical press the analysis of demographic and ethno-confessional structure of the Orenburg Cossack troops is presented, the description of economic activity of Cossacks and their social way of life is given. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of social psychology of the Orenburg Cossacks and its influence on all spheres of life of this military estate. The monograph contains appendices and auxiliary index. The book is addressed to all those interested in the history of the Cossacks and the history of Russia.