There are very few therapies and drugs with 70 years of sustained acceptance by the medical community such as insulin. So far, however, nobody has succeeded in providing the physiological way of administration and action of insulin with anyof the existing insulin preparations and treatment regimens. Thus, insulin therapy is still far from being ideal, and consequently, effective prevention of secondary complications of diabetes cannot be warranted. The present international symposium was mainly aimed at illustrating recent attempts to overcome the therapeutic gaps in insulin therapy.