Eric A. Newsholme, Anthony Leech, Mary Board

Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Dieses Grundlagenwerk nähert sich seinem Stoff über die übergeordneten Fragestellungen. So werden biochemische Reaktionen und Stoffwechselvorgänge nicht anhand einzelner Moleküle, sondern hinsichtlich der physiologischen Zusammenhänge und ihrer klinischen Bedeutung erklärt.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 2. Aufl.
• Seitenzahl: 560
• Erscheinungstermin: April 2010
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 284mm x 221mm x 33mm
• Gewicht: 1610g
• ISBN-13: 9780471988205
• ISBN-10: 0471988200
• Artikelnr.: 23342408

Autorenporträt

Eric Newsholme, Merton College and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK. Tony Leech, Gresham's School, Norfolk, UK.

Inhaltsangabe

Abbreviations. I INTRODUCTION. 1 The Structural and Biochemical Hierarchy
of a Cell and a Human. Cell structure. Tissues. The whole human. The
biochemical hierarchy. II ESSENTIAL TOPICS IN DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY. 2
Energy: In the Body, Tissues and Biochemical Processes. Energy
transformations in the whole body. Energy transformations in tissues and
organs. Energy transformation in biochemical reactions and pathways.
Adenosine triphosphate: its role in the cell. 3 Enzymes: Activities,
Properties, Regulation and Physiology. Nomenclature and classifi cation.
Basic facts. Mechanisms by which an enzyme enhances the rate of a reaction.
Cofactors and prosthetic groups. Factors that change the activity of an
enzyme. Allosteric inhibition. The physiological signifi cance of Km and
Vmax values. Enzymes as tools. Enzymes in diagnosis. Enzymes as therapeutic
agents. Enzymes as targets for therapy. Kinetic structure of a biochemical
pathway. Regulation of enzyme activity. 4 Transport into the Body: The
Gastrointestinal Tract, Digestion and Absorption. Gross structure of the
gastrointestinal tract. Biochemistry of cooking and food preparation.
Digestion and absorption. The gastrointestinal tract and disease. 5
Transport into the Cell: Particles, Molecules and Ions. Structure of the
plasma membrane. Diffusion through membranes. Active transport. Endocytosis
and exocytosis. Physiological importance of some transport systems. III
ESSENTIAL METABOLISM. 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism. Glycolysis. The
biochemical and physiological importance of anaerobic glycolysis.
Regulation of the flux through glycolysis. Glycogen synthesis. Synthesis of
Fructose and lactose. The pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis:
glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources. Role of the liver in the
regulation of the blood glucose concentration. Hormones and control of
gluconeogenesis. Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by ATP/ADP
concentration ratio in the liver. Hypoglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia. 7 Fat
Metabolism. Fats in nutrition. Fat fuels. Physiological importance of fat
fuels. Limitations or drawbacks of fats as a fuel. Genetic defects in fatty
acid oxidation. Pathological concentrations of fat fuels. 8 Amino Acid and
Protein Metabolism. Introduction. Sources of amino acids. Protein and amino
acid requirements. Fate of amino acids. Central role of transdeamination.
Amino acid metabolism in different tissues. Glutamine: an amino acid of
central importance. Urea 'salvage'. 9 Oxidation of Fuels and ATP
Generation: Physiological and Clinical Importance. The Krebs cycle. The
electron transfer chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Coupling of electron
transfer with oxidative phosphorylation. Transport into and out of
mitochondria. 'Energy' transport in the cytosol: the
creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle. Regulation of fl uxes. The physiological
importance of mitochondrial ATP generation. The effect of ageing on ATP
generation. 10 Metabolism of Ammonia and Nucleic Acids. Roles of ammonia.
Urea synthesis. Degradation of nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleosides and
bases: the generation of ammonia. Ammonia toxicity. Defi ciencies of urea
cycle enzymes. 11 Synthesis of Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerol, Phospholipids
and Fatty Messengers: The Roles of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Synthesis
of long-chain fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids.
Phospholipids. Fatty messenger molecules. Fatty acids in neurological and
behavioural disorders. 12 Hormones: From Action in the Cell to Function in
the Body. Endocrine hormones: traditional and novel. The action, effects
and functions of a hormone. Action of hormones. The biochemical and
physiological effects of a hormone. Pheromones. Kinetic principles that
apply to hormone action. IV ESSENTIAL PROCESSES OF LIFE. 13 Physical
Activity: In Non-Athletes, Athletes and Patients. The mechanical basis of
movement by skeletal muscle. Structure of muscle. Proteins involved in
muscle action. Mechanism of contraction: the cross-bridge cycle. Regulation
of contraction. Fuels for muscle. Fuels for various athletic events and
games. Fatigue. Fatigue in patients. Physical training. Development of
muscle. Health benefi ts of physical activity. Health hazards of physical
activity. Skeletal muscle diseases. 14 Mental Activity and Mental Illness.
Mental activity. Cells in the brain. Electrical communication. Chemical
communication. Fuels and energy metabolism in the brain. Mental illnesses:
biochemical causes. Recreational drugs. 15 Nutrition: Biochemistry,
Physiology and Pathology. Basic information required for discussion of some
biochemical aspects of nutrition. Vitamins. Minerals. A healthy diet.
Nutrition for specifi c activities or conditions. Overnutrition.
Malnutrition. Functional foods and nutraceuticals. Nutrition for patients
with genetic disorders. Vegetarian diets. Eating disorders. 16 Starvation:
Metabolic Changes, Survival and Death. Mechanisms for the regulation of the
blood glucose concentration. Metabolic responses to starvation. Sequence of
metabolic changes from intermediate starvation to death. Progressive
decrease in protein degradation in starvation. 17 Defence Against
Pathogens: Barriers, Enzymes and the Immune System. When the physical
barrier is breached. The immune system. Adaptive immunity. Cytokines.
Mechanisms for killing pathogens. Killing of intracellular bacteria and
large parasites in the extracellular fluid. Allergy. Fuels and generation
of ATP in immune cells: consequences for a patient. Essential fatty acids
and proliferation. The lymph nodes. Tolerance. Chronic infl ammation and
autoimmunity. Immunosuppressive agents. Conditions that reduce the
effectiveness of the immune system. Factors that increase the effectiveness
of the immune system. Return of the 'old' infectious diseases. New
infectious diseases. Defence in the intestine. 18 Survival after Trauma:
Metabolic Changes and Response of the Immune System. Physiological and
metabolie responses the ebb & fl ow phases. Nutrition. Mobilisation of
triacylglycerol and protein in trauma. Metabolic changes in trauma and in
starvation. Fever. Summary of the effects of trauma on the immune system
and the whole body. 19 Sexual Reproduction. Male reproductive system.
Female reproductive system. The menstrual cycle. Ovulation. Chemical
communication in male and female reproduction. Coitus and the sexual
response in the male and female. Fertilisation. Pregnancy. Parturition.
Contraception. The menopause. Sexually transmitted diseases. 20 Growth and
Death of Cells and Humans: The Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and Necrosis.
Introduction to cell proliferation. The cell cycle. Death. V SERIOUS
DISEASES. 21 Cancer: Genes, Cachexia and Death. Basic information.
Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Proteins expressed by oncogenes. Processes
by which proto-oncogenes can be activated or converted to oncogenes. Tumour
suppressor genes. Telomeres and telomerase in tumour cells. Metastasis.
Metabolic changes in cancer patients. Overview of cancer. Cancer-causing
agents or conditions. Chemotherapy. Radiotherapy. 22 Atherosclerosis,
Hypertension and Heart Attack. Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. Heart attack
(myocardial infarction). Index.