This book covers various fundamental aspects of microbial Biotechnology starting from scope of the subject to the recent applications. Aspects of microbial fermentation technology, detailed production process of economically important microbial products like glutamic acid, citric acid, acetone and other foods-beverages etc., were included in the book. Recent advancements like Single Cell Protein, Mushroom production, Biofertilizers, Biopesticides, vaccine production, biofuels were mentioned in detail. Environmental biotechnology concepts like bio bio-leaching, bio-remediation and waste water treatment were also given importance and were explained in this book. More over this book may serve as instant notes for Under Graduate and Post Graduate Biotechnology students who study microbial biotechnology during their course.