This newly updated edition covers a wide range of topics relevant to fungal biology, appealing to academia and industry Fungi are extremely important microorganisms in relation to human and animal wellbeing, the environment, and in industry. The latest edition of the highly successful Fungi: Biology and Applications teaches the basic information required to understand the place of fungi in the world while adding three new chapters that take the study of fungi to the next level. Due to the number of recent developments in fungal biology, expert author Kevin Kavanagh found it necessary to not…mehr
This newly updated edition covers a wide range of topics relevant to fungal biology, appealing to academia and industry Fungi are extremely important microorganisms in relation to human and animal wellbeing, the environment, and in industry. The latest edition of the highly successful Fungi: Biology and Applications teaches the basic information required to understand the place of fungi in the world while adding three new chapters that take the study of fungi to the next level. Due to the number of recent developments in fungal biology, expert author Kevin Kavanagh found it necessary to not only update the book as a whole, but to also provide new chapters covering Fungi as Food, Fungi and the Immune Response, and Fungi in the Environment. Proteomics and genomics are revolutionizing our understanding of fungi and their interaction with the environment and/or the host. Antifungal drug resistance is emerging as a major problem in the treatment of fungal infections. New fungal pathogens of plants are emerging as problems in temperate parts of the world due to the effect of climate change. Fungi: Biology and Applications, Third Edition offers in-depth chapter coverage of these new developments and more--ultimately exposing readers to a wider range of topics than any other existing book on the subject. * Includes three new chapters, which widen the scope of fungi biology for readers * Takes account of recent developments in a wide range of areas including proteomics and genomics, antifungal drug resistance, medical mycology, physiology, genetics, and plant pathology * Provides extra reading at the end of each chapter to facilitate the learning process Fungi: Biology and Applications is designed for undergraduate students, researchers, and those working with fungi for the first time (postgraduates, industrial scientists).Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
About the Editor KEVIN KAVANAGH is Professor of Microbiology in the Department of Biology at Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Fungal Physiology 1 Graeme M. Walker and Nia A. White 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Morphology of Yeasts and Fungi 2 1.3 Ultrastructure and Function of Fungal Cells 5 1.4 Fungal Nutrition and Cellular Biosyntheses 11 1.5 Fungal Metabolism 22 1.6 Fungal Growth and Reproduction 26 1.7 Conclusion 34 Further Reading 34 2 Fungal Genetics 37 Malcolm Whiteway and Catherine Bachewich 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Fungal Lifecycles 39 2.3 Sexual Analysis: Regulation of Mating 46 2.4 Unique Characteristics of Filamentous Fungi that are Advantageous for Genetic Analysis 51 2.5 Genetics as a Tool 52 2.6 Conclusion 64 Acknowledgment 65 Further Reading 65 3 Fungal Genomics 67 David Fitzpatrick 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Genome Sequencing 70 3.3 Bioinformatics Tools 75 3.4 Comparative Genomics 80 3.5 Genomics and the Fungal Tree of Life 84 3.6 Online Fungal Genomic Resources 86 3.7 Conclusion 88 Further Reading 88 4 Fungal Genetics: A Post Genomic Perspective 91 Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Cornerstone of Post Genomic Research 91 4.3 Of omics and Systems Biology 92 4.4 Genomics 92 4.5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics 102 4.6 Systems Biology 115 4.7 Conclusion 117 Further Reading 117 5 Fungal Proteomics 119 Sean Doyle and Rebecca A. Owens 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Protein Isolation and Purification 121 5.3 Electrophoretic Techniques 126 5.4 Protein Mass Spectrometry 129 5.5 Fungal Proteomics 138 5.6 Label Free Quantitative Proteomic Applications 143 5.7 Specialized Proteomics Applications in Fungal Research 144 5.8 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 145 Further Reading 145 6 Fungi as Food 147 Johan Baars 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 The Main Cultivated Mushroom Species 149 6.3 The Main Species of Mushroom Collected in Nature 155 6.4 Nutritional Value of Mushrooms 159 6.5 Potential Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms 165 6.6 Conclusion 166 Further Reading 167 Useful Websites 168 7 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Commodities from Fungi 169 Karina A. Horgan and Richard A. Murphy 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Fungal Metabolism 169 7.3 Antibiotic Production 172 7.4 Pharmacologically Active Compounds 178 7.5 Chemical Commodities 184 7.6 Yeast Extracts 194 7.7 Enriched Yeast 196 7.8 Conclusion 198 Further Reading 198 8 Biotechnological Use of Fungal Enzymes 201 Shauna M. McKelvey and Richard A. Murphy 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Enzymes in Industry 202 8.3 Current Enzyme Applications 202 8.4 Enzymes and Sustainability 208 8.5 Future Direction of Industrial Enzymes 208 8.6 Applications of Specific Fungal Enzymes 208 8.7 Enzyme Production Strategies 223 8.8 Conclusion 224 Further Reading 225 9 Biotechnological Exploitation of Heterologous Protein Production in Fungi 227 Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 Heterologous Protein Expression in Fungi 228 9.3 Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Heterologous Protein Production 232 9.4 Use of Pichia pastoris for Heterologous Protein Production 238 9.5 Case Study: Hepatitis B Vaccine - A Billion Dollar Heterologous Protein from Yeast 240 9.6 Further Biotechnological Applications of Expression Technology 244 9.7 Conclusion 248 Further Reading 249 10 Fungal Infections of Humans 251 Derek J. Sullivan, Gary P. Moran, and David C. Coleman 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Superficial Mycoses 252 10.3 Opportunistic Mycoses 254 10.4 Endemic Systemic Mycoses 268 10.5 Mycotoxicoses 270 10.6 Conclusion 271 Further Reading 272 Useful Websites 273 11 Immunity to Human Fungal Infections 275 Mawieh Hamad, Mohammad G. Mohammad, and Khaled H. AbüElteen 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Compromised Immunity Increases Host Susceptibility to Fungal Infections 276 11.3 Shaping of the Antifungal Immune Response 277 11.4 Paradigm Shifts in Antifungal Immunity 281 11.5 Anatomy of the Antifungal Immune Response 283 11.6 The Role of DCs in Antifungal Immunity 288 11.7 Adaptive Immunity to Fungal Infections 290 11.8 Immunity to Dermatophytes 295 11.9 Evasion of Host Immunity by Fungal Pathogens 297 11.10 Conclusion 297 Further Reading 298 12 Antifungal Agents for Use in Human Therapy 299 Khaled H. AbüElteen and Mawieh Hamad 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Drugs Targeting the Plasma Membrane 303 12.3 Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall 319 12.4 Drugs Targeting Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 323 12.5 Novel Therapies 327 12.6 Conclusion 331 Further Reading 331 13 Fungi in the Environment 333 Richard O'Hanlon 13.1 Introduction 333 13.2 Macrofungi, Mushrooms, and Sporocarps 334 13.3 Symbiotic Fungi 336 13.4 Saprobic Fungi 339 13.5 Parasitic Fungi 341 13.6 Fungi in Food Webs 342 13.7 Fungi and Nutrient Cycling 344 13.8 Quantifying Fungi in the Environment 346 13.9 Conclusion 352 Further Reading 353 14 Fungal Pathogens of Plants 355 Fiona Doohan and Binbin Zhou 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Disease Symptoms 356 14.3 Factors Influencing Disease Development 356 14.4 The Disease Cycle 361 14.5 Genetics of the Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interaction 363 14.6 Mechanisms of Fungal Plant Parasitism 363 14.7 Mechanisms of Host Defense 367 14.8 Disease Control 369 14.9 Disease Detection and Diagnosis 373 14.10 Vascular Wilt Diseases 374 14.11 Blights 378 14.12 Rots and Damping Off Diseases 380 14.13 Leaf and Stem Spots, Anthracnose, and Scabs 382 14.14 Rusts, Smuts, and Powdery Mildew Diseases 383 14.15 Global Repercussions of Fungal Diseases of Plants 384 14.16 Conclusion 385 Acknowledgments 386 Further Reading 386 Index 389
List of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Fungal Physiology 1 Graeme M. Walker and Nia A. White 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Morphology of Yeasts and Fungi 2 1.3 Ultrastructure and Function of Fungal Cells 5 1.4 Fungal Nutrition and Cellular Biosyntheses 11 1.5 Fungal Metabolism 22 1.6 Fungal Growth and Reproduction 26 1.7 Conclusion 34 Further Reading 34 2 Fungal Genetics 37 Malcolm Whiteway and Catherine Bachewich 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Fungal Lifecycles 39 2.3 Sexual Analysis: Regulation of Mating 46 2.4 Unique Characteristics of Filamentous Fungi that are Advantageous for Genetic Analysis 51 2.5 Genetics as a Tool 52 2.6 Conclusion 64 Acknowledgment 65 Further Reading 65 3 Fungal Genomics 67 David Fitzpatrick 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Genome Sequencing 70 3.3 Bioinformatics Tools 75 3.4 Comparative Genomics 80 3.5 Genomics and the Fungal Tree of Life 84 3.6 Online Fungal Genomic Resources 86 3.7 Conclusion 88 Further Reading 88 4 Fungal Genetics: A Post Genomic Perspective 91 Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Cornerstone of Post Genomic Research 91 4.3 Of omics and Systems Biology 92 4.4 Genomics 92 4.5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics 102 4.6 Systems Biology 115 4.7 Conclusion 117 Further Reading 117 5 Fungal Proteomics 119 Sean Doyle and Rebecca A. Owens 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Protein Isolation and Purification 121 5.3 Electrophoretic Techniques 126 5.4 Protein Mass Spectrometry 129 5.5 Fungal Proteomics 138 5.6 Label Free Quantitative Proteomic Applications 143 5.7 Specialized Proteomics Applications in Fungal Research 144 5.8 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 145 Further Reading 145 6 Fungi as Food 147 Johan Baars 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 The Main Cultivated Mushroom Species 149 6.3 The Main Species of Mushroom Collected in Nature 155 6.4 Nutritional Value of Mushrooms 159 6.5 Potential Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms 165 6.6 Conclusion 166 Further Reading 167 Useful Websites 168 7 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Commodities from Fungi 169 Karina A. Horgan and Richard A. Murphy 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Fungal Metabolism 169 7.3 Antibiotic Production 172 7.4 Pharmacologically Active Compounds 178 7.5 Chemical Commodities 184 7.6 Yeast Extracts 194 7.7 Enriched Yeast 196 7.8 Conclusion 198 Further Reading 198 8 Biotechnological Use of Fungal Enzymes 201 Shauna M. McKelvey and Richard A. Murphy 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Enzymes in Industry 202 8.3 Current Enzyme Applications 202 8.4 Enzymes and Sustainability 208 8.5 Future Direction of Industrial Enzymes 208 8.6 Applications of Specific Fungal Enzymes 208 8.7 Enzyme Production Strategies 223 8.8 Conclusion 224 Further Reading 225 9 Biotechnological Exploitation of Heterologous Protein Production in Fungi 227 Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 Heterologous Protein Expression in Fungi 228 9.3 Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Heterologous Protein Production 232 9.4 Use of Pichia pastoris for Heterologous Protein Production 238 9.5 Case Study: Hepatitis B Vaccine - A Billion Dollar Heterologous Protein from Yeast 240 9.6 Further Biotechnological Applications of Expression Technology 244 9.7 Conclusion 248 Further Reading 249 10 Fungal Infections of Humans 251 Derek J. Sullivan, Gary P. Moran, and David C. Coleman 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Superficial Mycoses 252 10.3 Opportunistic Mycoses 254 10.4 Endemic Systemic Mycoses 268 10.5 Mycotoxicoses 270 10.6 Conclusion 271 Further Reading 272 Useful Websites 273 11 Immunity to Human Fungal Infections 275 Mawieh Hamad, Mohammad G. Mohammad, and Khaled H. AbüElteen 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Compromised Immunity Increases Host Susceptibility to Fungal Infections 276 11.3 Shaping of the Antifungal Immune Response 277 11.4 Paradigm Shifts in Antifungal Immunity 281 11.5 Anatomy of the Antifungal Immune Response 283 11.6 The Role of DCs in Antifungal Immunity 288 11.7 Adaptive Immunity to Fungal Infections 290 11.8 Immunity to Dermatophytes 295 11.9 Evasion of Host Immunity by Fungal Pathogens 297 11.10 Conclusion 297 Further Reading 298 12 Antifungal Agents for Use in Human Therapy 299 Khaled H. AbüElteen and Mawieh Hamad 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Drugs Targeting the Plasma Membrane 303 12.3 Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall 319 12.4 Drugs Targeting Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 323 12.5 Novel Therapies 327 12.6 Conclusion 331 Further Reading 331 13 Fungi in the Environment 333 Richard O'Hanlon 13.1 Introduction 333 13.2 Macrofungi, Mushrooms, and Sporocarps 334 13.3 Symbiotic Fungi 336 13.4 Saprobic Fungi 339 13.5 Parasitic Fungi 341 13.6 Fungi in Food Webs 342 13.7 Fungi and Nutrient Cycling 344 13.8 Quantifying Fungi in the Environment 346 13.9 Conclusion 352 Further Reading 353 14 Fungal Pathogens of Plants 355 Fiona Doohan and Binbin Zhou 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Disease Symptoms 356 14.3 Factors Influencing Disease Development 356 14.4 The Disease Cycle 361 14.5 Genetics of the Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interaction 363 14.6 Mechanisms of Fungal Plant Parasitism 363 14.7 Mechanisms of Host Defense 367 14.8 Disease Control 369 14.9 Disease Detection and Diagnosis 373 14.10 Vascular Wilt Diseases 374 14.11 Blights 378 14.12 Rots and Damping Off Diseases 380 14.13 Leaf and Stem Spots, Anthracnose, and Scabs 382 14.14 Rusts, Smuts, and Powdery Mildew Diseases 383 14.15 Global Repercussions of Fungal Diseases of Plants 384 14.16 Conclusion 385 Acknowledgments 386 Further Reading 386 Index 389
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