The Gemological Institute of America, or GIA, is a non-profit institute dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology. GIA is also well known for its gem identification and grading services, and developed the famous "four Cs" (Cut, Clarity, Color and Carat weight) methodology of grading diamonds. Although GIA is best known for its activities in relation to diamonds, the institute is also involved with colored gemstones and pearls. The educational arm of GIA confers the Graduate Gemologist diploma upon its graduates; the institute also offers other diploma programs. GIA was founded in 1931 by Robert Shipley in Los Angeles, California. Today, the institute is headquartered in Carlsbad, California, north of San Diego.