The investigation carried out in the book to study genetic variations of wild and hybrid cattle population of Marathwada region, Maharashtra, India. This study involves detailed analysis of the genetic diversity and differentiation of Indian cattle from different regions. It is vital to report that indigenous cattle populations of India retain high levels of genetic diversity based on the results from analysis of two genetic markers (microsatellites and mtDNA control region). The content will also be useful in establishing the genetic diversity of cattle, improving strains for breeding programs and to enhance quality and quantity of milk production in India. This work provides most authenticated data and adds a great deal, to already existing information on Indian Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR). This information coupled with prospective data using next generation genetic technologies will assist designing breed improvement focused breeding policies and conservation activities infuture.