Pigeon pea is a perennial legume belongs to the family Fabaceae. The seeds of pigeon have become a common food in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The legume family Fabaceae and has over160 species. They are native to temperate areas, and widely distributed in Europe, North America, Asia, tropical East Africa, and South America. This book discusses the applications of biochemical and molecular markers for assessing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of pigeon pea germplasm in order to provide developed technologies for crop improvement. This book is of interest to plant geneticists, plant breeders, researchers, and scientists.