Electrical conductivity is a parameter which characterizes composition and physical state of the Earth's interior. Studies of the state equations of solids at high temperature and pressure indicate that there is a close relation be tween the electrical conductivity of rocks and temperature. Therefore, measurements of deep conductivity can provide knowledge of the present state and temperature of the Earth's crust and upper mantle matter. Infor mation about the temperature of the Earth's interior in the remote past is derived from heat flow data. Experimental investigation of water-containing…mehr
Electrical conductivity is a parameter which characterizes composition and physical state of the Earth's interior. Studies of the state equations of solids at high temperature and pressure indicate that there is a close relation be tween the electrical conductivity of rocks and temperature. Therefore, measurements of deep conductivity can provide knowledge of the present state and temperature of the Earth's crust and upper mantle matter. Infor mation about the temperature of the Earth's interior in the remote past is derived from heat flow data. Experimental investigation of water-containing rocks has revealed a pronounced increase of electrical conductivity in the temperature range D from 500 to 700 DC which may be attributed to the beginning of fractional melting. Hence, anomalies of electrical conductivity may be helpful in identitying zones of melting and dehydration. The studies of these zones are perspective in the scientific research of the mobile areas of the Earth's crust and upper mantle where tectonic movements, processes ofthe region al metamorphism and of forming mineral deposits are most intensive. Thus, in the whole set of research on physics of the Earth the studies of electrical conductivity of deep-seated rocks appear, beyond doubt, very important.
1 Geoelectromagnetic Fields.- 1.1 Morphology of the Earth's Electromagnetic Field.- 1.2 Atmospheric Electricity.- 1.3 Conductivity of the Ionosphere.- 1.4 Formation of the Magnetosphere.- 1.5 Magnetospheric Waves and Their Propagation to the Earth.- 1.6 Conclusions.- 2 Elements of the Theory of Electromagnetic Fields.- 2.1 Fundamental Relations.- 2.2 Electromagnetic Fields in the Spherically Symmetric (and Horizontally Layered) Earth.- 2.3 Impedance and Other Interpretation Parameters (Response Functions).- 2.4 Modeling of Geoelectric Fields.- 2.5 Conclusions.- 3 The Inverse Problem.- 3.1 Formulation of Inverse Problems.- 3.2 Solving Procedures of the Trial-and-Error Method.- 3.3 Improperly Posed Problems and Their Regularization.- 3.4 The Information-Statistical Approach.- 3.5 Direct Inversion. Properties of Response Functions.- 3.6 Approximate Euristic Methods of Inversion.- 3.7 Amplitude-Phase Layer-by-Layer Interpretation.- 3.8 Nonuniqueness of the Inverse Problem and the Resolving Power of Data.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Global and Regional Geomagnetic Deep Sounding.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Geomagnetic Variations Described by Harmonic $$text{P}_1^0 (cos theta ) = cos theta$$.- 4.3 Daily Variations.- 4.4 Global Sounding Curve.- 4.5 Interpretation of Global Sounding Data.- 4.6 Geothermic Interpretation of Global GDS.- 4.7 Regional, Local, and Point Geomagnetic Deep Soundings.- 4.8 Conclusions.- 5 Magnetotelluric Sounding.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Data Processing for the Impedance Tensor Determination.- 5.3 Interpretation of the Deep Magnetotelluric Sounding Curves at the Distorting Effect of Surface Lateral Inhomogeneities.- 5.4 Deep MTS Study on Two-Dimensional Structures.- 5.5 Distorting Effects on Three-Dimensional Structures.- 5.6 The MTS in Elongated Depressions.-5.7 MTS in Shields and Basement Escarpments.- 5.8 The Conducting Layers as Derived by MTS.- 5.9 Conclusions.- 6 Magnetic Variation Profiling (MVP).- 6.1 Formation of Anomalous MVP Field.- 6.2 Anomalous Fields over Two-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.3 Anomalous Fields on Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.4 Integral Relations Between the Components of the Anomalous Field.- 6.5 Observation Data Processing.- 6.6 Methods of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.7 Principles of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.8 Joint MVP and MTS Studies of Conductivity Anomalies.- 6.9 Conclusions.- 7 Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 7.1 Coast Effect.- 7.2 Anomalies in Western North America.- 7.3 Crustal Anomalies of the East-European Platform.- 7.4 Carpathian Anomaly.- 7.5 Classification of Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 8 Conclusions.- 8.1 Geoelectric Model for the Earth's Crust and Mantle Based on the Results of Chapters 3-7.- 8.2 Geoelectric Methods (Fanselau Approach).- 8.3 Comparison Between the Three Methods.- 8.4 Strategy of Electromagnetic Data Interpretation.- Appendix Geomagnetic Observatories of World-wide Network.- References.
1 Geoelectromagnetic Fields.- 1.1 Morphology of the Earth's Electromagnetic Field.- 1.2 Atmospheric Electricity.- 1.3 Conductivity of the Ionosphere.- 1.4 Formation of the Magnetosphere.- 1.5 Magnetospheric Waves and Their Propagation to the Earth.- 1.6 Conclusions.- 2 Elements of the Theory of Electromagnetic Fields.- 2.1 Fundamental Relations.- 2.2 Electromagnetic Fields in the Spherically Symmetric (and Horizontally Layered) Earth.- 2.3 Impedance and Other Interpretation Parameters (Response Functions).- 2.4 Modeling of Geoelectric Fields.- 2.5 Conclusions.- 3 The Inverse Problem.- 3.1 Formulation of Inverse Problems.- 3.2 Solving Procedures of the Trial-and-Error Method.- 3.3 Improperly Posed Problems and Their Regularization.- 3.4 The Information-Statistical Approach.- 3.5 Direct Inversion. Properties of Response Functions.- 3.6 Approximate Euristic Methods of Inversion.- 3.7 Amplitude-Phase Layer-by-Layer Interpretation.- 3.8 Nonuniqueness of the Inverse Problem and the Resolving Power of Data.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Global and Regional Geomagnetic Deep Sounding.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Geomagnetic Variations Described by Harmonic $$text{P}_1^0 (cos theta ) = cos theta$$.- 4.3 Daily Variations.- 4.4 Global Sounding Curve.- 4.5 Interpretation of Global Sounding Data.- 4.6 Geothermic Interpretation of Global GDS.- 4.7 Regional, Local, and Point Geomagnetic Deep Soundings.- 4.8 Conclusions.- 5 Magnetotelluric Sounding.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Data Processing for the Impedance Tensor Determination.- 5.3 Interpretation of the Deep Magnetotelluric Sounding Curves at the Distorting Effect of Surface Lateral Inhomogeneities.- 5.4 Deep MTS Study on Two-Dimensional Structures.- 5.5 Distorting Effects on Three-Dimensional Structures.- 5.6 The MTS in Elongated Depressions.-5.7 MTS in Shields and Basement Escarpments.- 5.8 The Conducting Layers as Derived by MTS.- 5.9 Conclusions.- 6 Magnetic Variation Profiling (MVP).- 6.1 Formation of Anomalous MVP Field.- 6.2 Anomalous Fields over Two-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.3 Anomalous Fields on Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.4 Integral Relations Between the Components of the Anomalous Field.- 6.5 Observation Data Processing.- 6.6 Methods of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.7 Principles of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.8 Joint MVP and MTS Studies of Conductivity Anomalies.- 6.9 Conclusions.- 7 Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 7.1 Coast Effect.- 7.2 Anomalies in Western North America.- 7.3 Crustal Anomalies of the East-European Platform.- 7.4 Carpathian Anomaly.- 7.5 Classification of Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 8 Conclusions.- 8.1 Geoelectric Model for the Earth's Crust and Mantle Based on the Results of Chapters 3-7.- 8.2 Geoelectric Methods (Fanselau Approach).- 8.3 Comparison Between the Three Methods.- 8.4 Strategy of Electromagnetic Data Interpretation.- Appendix Geomagnetic Observatories of World-wide Network.- References.
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