This important and timely book assembles expert scientists from both sides of the debate to discuss Earth-based and space-based climate intervention technologies including the scale, deployment, risk management, and moral philosophy behind these technologies. The role that geoengineering might play, within the context of global warming amelioration, has long been contentious. For all this, geoengineering is about getting down and dirty with respect to the issue of climate intervention. Often dismissed as an option of last resort, geoengineering is now emerging as a key component in humanity's…mehr
This important and timely book assembles expert scientists from both sides of the debate to discuss Earth-based and space-based climate intervention technologies including the scale, deployment, risk management, and moral philosophy behind these technologies. The role that geoengineering might play, within the context of global warming amelioration, has long been contentious. For all this, geoengineering is about getting down and dirty with respect to the issue of climate intervention. Often dismissed as an option of last resort, geoengineering is now emerging as a key component in humanity's drive to bring the impacts of global warming under some form of mitigation and control. While geoengineering does not solve the fundamental problem of continued anthropomorphic carbon dioxide emissions, the root cause of global warming, it is an option that can effectively buy humanity some much-needed time. Time, that is, to act positively, and time to introduce meaningful emission reductions, and deploy large-scale sequestration technologies. Indeed, the failure to meaningfully corral greenhouse gas emission levels, and the slow development of large-scale carbon capture technologies, will, by the close of the 21st century, likely see global temperatures increase by at least 2 or 3 degrees above pre-industrial levels. What geoengineering can potentially do for us is to offset the more extreme climate change scenarios that are presently projected to come about. An integrated geoengineering program to cool Earth's atmosphere, running in parallel with the development of sequestration technologies, and substantial emission reductions, can work to limit the worst effects of climate change that will, without geoengineering, surely come about. Geoengineering is not a neutral or benign action, however, and if it is to be deployed, then much more research, and field testing of ideas and technologies is urgently needed. The authors in this book present a cross-section of philosophies, engineering approaches, and reactions to the idea of geoengineering. Through their words, the reader is introduced to the historical and contemporary debate concerning the potential deployment of geoengineering actions. Indeed, there are many ways in which geoengineering, as a grand worldwide initiative, or as a combined set of independent actions, might proceed in both the near, and the deep future, and here the reader is introduced to these topics by experts in their field. Audience This book will be of interest to engineers, chemists, geologists, physicists, biologists, environmentalists, meteorologists, philosophers, mathematicians, computer modelers, and policy managers. General readers interested in geoengineering will find the book very readable and scientifically reliable.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Martin Beech, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, Campion College and University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. He has conducted and published research in many areas of astronomy, planetary science, and the history of science. His main astronomy research interests are in the area of small solar system bodies (asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and meteorites). He edited Terraforming Mars by Wiley-Scrivener in 2023.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Prolegomenon: A Geoengineering Primer 1 Martin Beech 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Paris Agreement 2 1.3 Tipping Points -- Where Are We? 4 1.4 The Size of the Problem 5 1.5 Geoengineering -- Where, When, and How? 6 1.6 Moving Forward 18 1.7 The Role of Industry 20 1.8 What Now? 24 2 Two Generations of Ethical Debate on Geoengineering 31 Augustine Pamplany 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ambiguities in Defining Geoengineering 32 2.3 Geoengineering Technological Schemes 33 2.4 History of Geoengineering 34 2.5 Two Generations of Ethical Debate 37 2.6 Research Priorities Towards Maturing Debate 43 2.7 Conclusion 46 3 Risky Business: Complex Risks of Solar Geoengineering 51 Aaron Tang 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Framework for Risk Assessment 52 3.3 Understanding the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 53 3.4 Complexities of Risk Comparison 56 3.5 Best of a Bad Bunch 57 3.6 Slippery Slopes 58 3.7 Conclusion 60 4 Climate Justice and the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 65 Jennie C. Stephens 4.1 Prioritizing Transformative Climate Justice 65 4.2 Solar Geoengineering: Illustrating the Dangers of Climate Isolationism 66 4.3 The Injustices of Advancing Solar Geoengineering 67 4.4 Climate Justice Resistance to Solar Geoengineering 68 4.5 Conclusions 69 5 Solar Geoengineering: An Insoluble Problem? 73 Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 The Many Forms of Solar Geoengineering 76 5.3 Controversies about SG Methods 78 5.4 Argument: Why SG is Needed 79 5.5 Argument: The Case Against SG 81 5.6 The Comparative Economics of SG 82 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions 84 5.8 Research Priorities 85 6 Potential Mental Health Risks Associated with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Methods Using Aluminum Oxide 91 Giovanni Ghirga 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Methods 92 6.3 Results 92 6.4 Conclusions 94 7 What to Consider When Considering Solar Geoengineering 97 Burgess Langshaw Power 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 The Options 99 7.3 Geography 101 7.4 Climate Action 102 7.5 Public Participation 106 7.6 Geopolitics 107 7.6.1 Canada and the World 107 7.7 Conclusion 108 8 Moral Hazard of Geoengineering to Decarbonization 117 Soheil Shayegh 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Modeling Decarbonization and Climate Change Impacts 118 8.3 Moral Hazard 121 8.4 Discussion 123 8.5 Conclusion 123 9 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy: Where Should We Set the Envirostat? 125 Mark Walker 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Geoengineering and the Envirostat 126 9.3 Animals' Interests 126 9.4 World Park 127 9.5 Animal UN 127 9.6 Justice and Possible Animals 130 9.7 The Current Solar Geoengineering Debate 131 9.8 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy 136 10 Climate Hegemony and Control Over the Global Thermostat 141 John Hickman 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Collective Action Problem 142 10.3 Hegemonic Stability Theory 145 10.4 Auction Theory 147 10.5 Conclusion 148 11 Designing A Priori Scenarios for Stratospheric Aerosol Injections to Mitigate Climate Change: An Optimal Control Technique Application 151 Sergei Soldatenko 11.1 Introduction 151 11.2 Statement of the Optimal Control Problem 153 11.3 Designing Optimal SAI Scenarios: Problem Formulation 157 11.4 Solution of the Optimal Control Problem 161 11.5 Results and Discussion 163 12 Testing the Limits of the World's Largest Control Task: Solar Geoengineering as a Deep Reinforcement Learning Problem 171 Eshaan Agrawal and Christian Schroeder de Witt 12.1 Introduction 174 12.2 Solar Geoengineering as a High-Dimensional Control Problem 177 12.3 A Fast GCM Environment: Introducing HadCM3 182 12.4 Building a GCM Emulator 187 12.5 Geoengineering in the Mesosphere: A Research Agenda 190 12.6 Closing the Reality Gap 194 12.7 Conclusions and Outlook 196 13 Geochemical Drivers of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Soils 207 Xavier Dupla, Susan L. Brantley, Carlos Paulo, Benjamin Möller, Ian M. Power and Stéphanie Grand 13.1 Introduction 207 13.2 Fundamental Geochemical Considerations 210 13.3 What do ERW Experiments Teach us and Where from Here? 218 13.4 Conclusion 221 14 Geoengineering Cities with Reflective and Pervious Surfaces 231 Sushobhan Sen 14.1 Introduction 231 14.2 Physics of UHI 234 14.3 Mitigation of UHI 239 14.4 Research Priorities 241 14.5 Conclusion 242 15 Urban Geoengineering 247 Giles Thomson, Jonathan Fink and Peter Newman 15.1 Introduction 247 15.2 Background 249 15.3 Cities, Sustainability and Decarbonization 251 15.4 Global Trends in Decarbonization 254 15.5 Achieving Net Zero and the SDGs with Urban Geoengineering 256 15.6 Urban Geoengineering Interventions 257 15.7 Governance for Urban Geoengineering 258 15.8 Concluding Comments and Future Research 260 16 Cooling Down the World Oceans and the Earth 265 Julian David Hunt, Andreas Nascimento, Fabio A. Diuana, Natália de Assis Brasil Weber, Gabriel Malta Castro, Ana Carolina Chaves, André Luiz Amarante Mesquita, Angéli Viviani Colling and Paulo Smith Schneider 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Methodology 269 16.3 Results 278 16.4 Discussion 280 16.5 Conclusion 282 17 Ice Preservation: A Research Priority for Climate Resilience and Sustainability -- Experience in the Field 287 Leslie Field 17.1 A Personal Introduction 287 17.2 How Bad is the Climate Situation? 288 17.3 Ice Preservation -- A Research Priority for Climate Resilience 290 17.4 Now is the Time to Preserve Bright Ice 291 17.5 Minnesota Pond Work 293 17.6 Iceland Glacial Test, August 2023 294 17.7 Our Work at Bright Ice Initiative 295 18 Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297 David L. Mitchell and Ehsan Erfani 18.1 Clouds, Radiation, and the Physics of Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297 18.2 Past and Present CCT Research 299 18.3 Suggestions for Improving the Treatment of CCT in Climate Models 301 18.4 Possible Relation to Midlatitude Extreme Winter Weather 302 19 Can the COVID-19 Decrease in Aircraft Flights Inform us of Whether the Addition of Efficient INP to Cirrus Altitudes Cools the Climate? 307 Joyce E. Penner, Jialei Zhu and Anne Garnier 19.1 Introduction 307 19.2 The Relative Importance of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation 309 19.3 Model Description 310 19.4 Evaluation of Model Aerosols and Ice Concentrations 313 19.5 Discussion: What Does This Mean for Cirrus Seeding? 324 19.6 Conclusion 325 20 Biogenic Iron Oxides as a Source of Iron for Ocean Iron Fertilization 331 David Emerson, Sarabeth George, Amy Doiron and Benjamin S. Twining 20.1 Introduction 331 20.2 Biogenic Iron 333 20.3 Production of BIOX 337 20.4 Additional Aspects of OIF 339 20.5 Social Considerations 341 20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 343 21 Space Bubbles: The Deflection of Solar Radiation Using Thin-Film Inflatable Bubble Rafts 349 Nikita Klimenko, Umberto Fugiglando and Carlo Ratti 21.1 Introduction 349 21.2 A Bubble Sunshade 351 21.3 Future Developments 353 22 Optimal Sunshield Positioning 357 Christer Fuglesang 22.1 Introduction 357 22.2 Sunshade Area 358 22.3 Sunshade Position 359 22.4 Optical Properties 361 22.5 Getting to the First Lagrange Point L1¿ 363 23 Could the Well of an Orbital Lift Be Used to Deposit Greenhouse Gases into Space? 367 Orfeu Bertolami 23.1 Introduction 367 23.2 Basic Features of the Proposed System 369 23.3 Discussion and Outlook 372 24 Ionospheric Perturbations from Satellite Dust 377 Sierra Solter 24.1 Introduction 378 24.2 Model Considerations 379 24.3 Conclusion 384 25 Geoengineering and Beyond -- Planetary Defense, Space Debris, and SETI 387 Martin Beech 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 Earth in the Firing Zone 388 25.3 Impactor Populations 390 25.4 Impact Probabilities 391 25.5 The Day the Climate Changed 394 25.6 Lead Times 397 25.7 Impact Risk 400 25.8 Planetary Defense 401 25.9 Signs of Life and Technosignatures 404 25.10 Space Debris 408 25.11 What Next? -- Research Priorities 411 26 Future Imperative and the Inevitable Technofix 415 Martin Beech 26.1 Introduction 415 26.2 The Aging Sun 418 26.3 The Faint Young Sun Paradox 423 26.4 Lifetime of the Biosphere 425 26.5 Actions 427 26.6 Albedo Modification 428 26.7 Sunshades 431 26.8 Orbit Change 433 26.9 Far-Out Methods 436 26.10 Terraforming 438 26.11 Engineering the Sun 439 26.12 Pastures New 440 26.13 Conclusions 440 References 441 Index 445
Preface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Prolegomenon: A Geoengineering Primer 1 Martin Beech 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Paris Agreement 2 1.3 Tipping Points -- Where Are We? 4 1.4 The Size of the Problem 5 1.5 Geoengineering -- Where, When, and How? 6 1.6 Moving Forward 18 1.7 The Role of Industry 20 1.8 What Now? 24 2 Two Generations of Ethical Debate on Geoengineering 31 Augustine Pamplany 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ambiguities in Defining Geoengineering 32 2.3 Geoengineering Technological Schemes 33 2.4 History of Geoengineering 34 2.5 Two Generations of Ethical Debate 37 2.6 Research Priorities Towards Maturing Debate 43 2.7 Conclusion 46 3 Risky Business: Complex Risks of Solar Geoengineering 51 Aaron Tang 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Framework for Risk Assessment 52 3.3 Understanding the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 53 3.4 Complexities of Risk Comparison 56 3.5 Best of a Bad Bunch 57 3.6 Slippery Slopes 58 3.7 Conclusion 60 4 Climate Justice and the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 65 Jennie C. Stephens 4.1 Prioritizing Transformative Climate Justice 65 4.2 Solar Geoengineering: Illustrating the Dangers of Climate Isolationism 66 4.3 The Injustices of Advancing Solar Geoengineering 67 4.4 Climate Justice Resistance to Solar Geoengineering 68 4.5 Conclusions 69 5 Solar Geoengineering: An Insoluble Problem? 73 Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 The Many Forms of Solar Geoengineering 76 5.3 Controversies about SG Methods 78 5.4 Argument: Why SG is Needed 79 5.5 Argument: The Case Against SG 81 5.6 The Comparative Economics of SG 82 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions 84 5.8 Research Priorities 85 6 Potential Mental Health Risks Associated with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Methods Using Aluminum Oxide 91 Giovanni Ghirga 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Methods 92 6.3 Results 92 6.4 Conclusions 94 7 What to Consider When Considering Solar Geoengineering 97 Burgess Langshaw Power 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 The Options 99 7.3 Geography 101 7.4 Climate Action 102 7.5 Public Participation 106 7.6 Geopolitics 107 7.6.1 Canada and the World 107 7.7 Conclusion 108 8 Moral Hazard of Geoengineering to Decarbonization 117 Soheil Shayegh 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Modeling Decarbonization and Climate Change Impacts 118 8.3 Moral Hazard 121 8.4 Discussion 123 8.5 Conclusion 123 9 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy: Where Should We Set the Envirostat? 125 Mark Walker 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Geoengineering and the Envirostat 126 9.3 Animals' Interests 126 9.4 World Park 127 9.5 Animal UN 127 9.6 Justice and Possible Animals 130 9.7 The Current Solar Geoengineering Debate 131 9.8 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy 136 10 Climate Hegemony and Control Over the Global Thermostat 141 John Hickman 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Collective Action Problem 142 10.3 Hegemonic Stability Theory 145 10.4 Auction Theory 147 10.5 Conclusion 148 11 Designing A Priori Scenarios for Stratospheric Aerosol Injections to Mitigate Climate Change: An Optimal Control Technique Application 151 Sergei Soldatenko 11.1 Introduction 151 11.2 Statement of the Optimal Control Problem 153 11.3 Designing Optimal SAI Scenarios: Problem Formulation 157 11.4 Solution of the Optimal Control Problem 161 11.5 Results and Discussion 163 12 Testing the Limits of the World's Largest Control Task: Solar Geoengineering as a Deep Reinforcement Learning Problem 171 Eshaan Agrawal and Christian Schroeder de Witt 12.1 Introduction 174 12.2 Solar Geoengineering as a High-Dimensional Control Problem 177 12.3 A Fast GCM Environment: Introducing HadCM3 182 12.4 Building a GCM Emulator 187 12.5 Geoengineering in the Mesosphere: A Research Agenda 190 12.6 Closing the Reality Gap 194 12.7 Conclusions and Outlook 196 13 Geochemical Drivers of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Soils 207 Xavier Dupla, Susan L. Brantley, Carlos Paulo, Benjamin Möller, Ian M. Power and Stéphanie Grand 13.1 Introduction 207 13.2 Fundamental Geochemical Considerations 210 13.3 What do ERW Experiments Teach us and Where from Here? 218 13.4 Conclusion 221 14 Geoengineering Cities with Reflective and Pervious Surfaces 231 Sushobhan Sen 14.1 Introduction 231 14.2 Physics of UHI 234 14.3 Mitigation of UHI 239 14.4 Research Priorities 241 14.5 Conclusion 242 15 Urban Geoengineering 247 Giles Thomson, Jonathan Fink and Peter Newman 15.1 Introduction 247 15.2 Background 249 15.3 Cities, Sustainability and Decarbonization 251 15.4 Global Trends in Decarbonization 254 15.5 Achieving Net Zero and the SDGs with Urban Geoengineering 256 15.6 Urban Geoengineering Interventions 257 15.7 Governance for Urban Geoengineering 258 15.8 Concluding Comments and Future Research 260 16 Cooling Down the World Oceans and the Earth 265 Julian David Hunt, Andreas Nascimento, Fabio A. Diuana, Natália de Assis Brasil Weber, Gabriel Malta Castro, Ana Carolina Chaves, André Luiz Amarante Mesquita, Angéli Viviani Colling and Paulo Smith Schneider 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Methodology 269 16.3 Results 278 16.4 Discussion 280 16.5 Conclusion 282 17 Ice Preservation: A Research Priority for Climate Resilience and Sustainability -- Experience in the Field 287 Leslie Field 17.1 A Personal Introduction 287 17.2 How Bad is the Climate Situation? 288 17.3 Ice Preservation -- A Research Priority for Climate Resilience 290 17.4 Now is the Time to Preserve Bright Ice 291 17.5 Minnesota Pond Work 293 17.6 Iceland Glacial Test, August 2023 294 17.7 Our Work at Bright Ice Initiative 295 18 Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297 David L. Mitchell and Ehsan Erfani 18.1 Clouds, Radiation, and the Physics of Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297 18.2 Past and Present CCT Research 299 18.3 Suggestions for Improving the Treatment of CCT in Climate Models 301 18.4 Possible Relation to Midlatitude Extreme Winter Weather 302 19 Can the COVID-19 Decrease in Aircraft Flights Inform us of Whether the Addition of Efficient INP to Cirrus Altitudes Cools the Climate? 307 Joyce E. Penner, Jialei Zhu and Anne Garnier 19.1 Introduction 307 19.2 The Relative Importance of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation 309 19.3 Model Description 310 19.4 Evaluation of Model Aerosols and Ice Concentrations 313 19.5 Discussion: What Does This Mean for Cirrus Seeding? 324 19.6 Conclusion 325 20 Biogenic Iron Oxides as a Source of Iron for Ocean Iron Fertilization 331 David Emerson, Sarabeth George, Amy Doiron and Benjamin S. Twining 20.1 Introduction 331 20.2 Biogenic Iron 333 20.3 Production of BIOX 337 20.4 Additional Aspects of OIF 339 20.5 Social Considerations 341 20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 343 21 Space Bubbles: The Deflection of Solar Radiation Using Thin-Film Inflatable Bubble Rafts 349 Nikita Klimenko, Umberto Fugiglando and Carlo Ratti 21.1 Introduction 349 21.2 A Bubble Sunshade 351 21.3 Future Developments 353 22 Optimal Sunshield Positioning 357 Christer Fuglesang 22.1 Introduction 357 22.2 Sunshade Area 358 22.3 Sunshade Position 359 22.4 Optical Properties 361 22.5 Getting to the First Lagrange Point L1¿ 363 23 Could the Well of an Orbital Lift Be Used to Deposit Greenhouse Gases into Space? 367 Orfeu Bertolami 23.1 Introduction 367 23.2 Basic Features of the Proposed System 369 23.3 Discussion and Outlook 372 24 Ionospheric Perturbations from Satellite Dust 377 Sierra Solter 24.1 Introduction 378 24.2 Model Considerations 379 24.3 Conclusion 384 25 Geoengineering and Beyond -- Planetary Defense, Space Debris, and SETI 387 Martin Beech 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 Earth in the Firing Zone 388 25.3 Impactor Populations 390 25.4 Impact Probabilities 391 25.5 The Day the Climate Changed 394 25.6 Lead Times 397 25.7 Impact Risk 400 25.8 Planetary Defense 401 25.9 Signs of Life and Technosignatures 404 25.10 Space Debris 408 25.11 What Next? -- Research Priorities 411 26 Future Imperative and the Inevitable Technofix 415 Martin Beech 26.1 Introduction 415 26.2 The Aging Sun 418 26.3 The Faint Young Sun Paradox 423 26.4 Lifetime of the Biosphere 425 26.5 Actions 427 26.6 Albedo Modification 428 26.7 Sunshades 431 26.8 Orbit Change 433 26.9 Far-Out Methods 436 26.10 Terraforming 438 26.11 Engineering the Sun 439 26.12 Pastures New 440 26.13 Conclusions 440 References 441 Index 445
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