How warm will the Earth become and when? What effect will it have on human life? This book answers some of these questions, providing facts and theories that will help you to formulate rational opinions and gain a new way to think about the complexities of the subject and the future of the global environment and climate.
How warm will the Earth become and when? What effect will it have on human life? This book answers some of these questions, providing facts and theories that will help you to formulate rational opinions and gain a new way to think about the complexities of the subject and the future of the global environment and climate.
About the Author M. A. K. Khalil is Professor of Physics at Portland State University, USA. He holds BA degrees in Mathematics and Psychology and a Bachelor of Physics degree from the University of Minnesota; MS in Physics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute; PhD in Theoretical Physics from the Center For Particle Theory, University of Texas, and a PhD in Environmental Science and Engineering from OGC, now Oregon Health and Sciences University. He has published more than 200 papers in the environmental sciences and theoretical physics, and was named one of the world's most highly cited authors by ISI.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface ix
About the Companion Website xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Global Change Science? 1
1.2 Current Global Change 2
1.3 Raising Fundamental Questions 2
Endnotes 3
2 The Framework 5
2.1 The System 5
2.2 Scales of Action 5
2.3 What Determines Climate? 8
2.4 The Benchmark Average Climate 12
2.5 Irreducible Uncertainties 15
2.6 The Plan 16
Review of the Main Points 18
3 Atmospheric Composition 19
3.1 Trace Gases and Their Roles in Climate and the Environment 19
3.2 Quantifying the Atmospheric Composition 22
Review of the Main Points 27
Endnotes 29
4 Mass Balance Theory and Small Models 33
4.1 The Components 33
4.2 Global 35
4.3 Hemispherical and Horizontal 40
4.4 Vertical 43
Review of the Main Points 46
Endnotes 48
5 Transport Processes 51
5.1 Vertical Transport and Convection 51
5.2 Horizontal Motion and the General Circulation 56
5.3 Turbulent Transport 61
5.4 Quantifying Transport Processes 66
Review of the Main Points 69
Endnotes 70
6 Mechanisms of Sources and Sinks 73
6.1 Reservoirs and Source-Sink Relationships 74
6.2 Atmospheric Chemistry 77
6.3 Global Environmental Applications 82
6.4 Cross-Media Transport: Oceans, Soils, and Biota 90
Review of the Main Points 100
Endnotes 102
7 Balance of Climate Gases and Aerosols 107
7.1 Anthropogenic vs Natural Components 107
7.2 Greenhouse Gases 110
7.3 Aerosols 123
Review of the Main Points 126
Endnotes 127
8 The Science of Climate 131
8.1 Solar Radiation 131
8.2 Albedo 135
8.3 Radiative Transfer 137
8.4 Heat Storage and Balance 150
8.5 Precipitation 152
Review of the Main Points 154
Endnotes 156
9 Instructive Climate Models 159
9.1 Base Temperature Model - Lessons, Flaws, and Resolution 159
9.2 Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity 166
9.3 Practical Relationships between Greenhouse Gases and Surface Warming 168
9.4 Role of the Oceans 171
9.5 Role of Clouds 174
9.6 Horizontal Transport of Heat 175
Review of the Main Points 178
Endnotes 180
10 Climate Feedbacks 183
10.1 How They Work 183
10.2 Feedbacks Classified and Delineated 188
10.3 Physical Feedbacks 189
10.4 Role of the Living World 192
Review of the Main Points 197
Endnotes 199
11 Match of Climate Change Observed and Modeled 201
