2007b: 115 ff.; Jansen 2007c: 236 ff.). "Governance patterns" here means a chain of interconnected mechanisms which can be observed empirically. "Governance p- terns" can be roughly de?ned as "complex regulatory structures coordinating the actions of interdependent actors". Governance patterns can relate to hierarchical as well as to lateral coordination mechanisms. Enforcement can be based on law, p- fessional norms or informal and implicit norms or customs. Moreover, the regulatory structures or individual mechanisms inside them can be established and sanctioned by public as well as by private actors. There is in fact not necessarily an actor in charge of controlling outcomes as for instance in market competition. In the next section, I will introduce the reader to the changing role of the state in science policy. The third section presents the governance model for the p- lic research sector which was developed by the research group and underlies the 1 contributions in this anthology. The ?nal section gives an overview of the papers.
The Governance of universities and the effects of new public management are important topics that have given rise to a rich body of work. This book has two unique features. It mobilises the German situation to show how productive the notion of "governance pattern" can be to account for the architecture of the various external and internal, old and new governance mechanisms at play. This enables to focus on the central argument of the book, that is "the evidence of huge differences among disciplinary fields with respect to their conditions and requirements for knowledge production". The book takes different disciplines to study how these are affected differently by 'on size fits all' institutional changes. They initiate a rich path both for science policy studies and for university-focused organisational research. Philippe Laredo Université Paris-Est and University of Manchester This well-timed, informative and interesting book enriches the current discussions on the governance of research in and out of Germany. It belongs into the hands of those who are in positions of responsibility in universities, research institutions and research policy. The book does not mark the end of the discussions but shows the state of the art of the governance research in Germany in an encouraging way. Moreover, it marks an important reference point for how to continue this discussion also internationally. Reinhard Grunwald Former Secretary General of the German Research Foundation Executive Managing Director of the Center for Science & Research Management