It is now a little more than 11 years since the idea of writing a personal and scientific biography of H. A. Kramers took hold of me. A few days earlier I had been lecturing, in a course on field theory, on the renormalization proce dures of relativistic quantum field theory. Since the students had considerable trouble understanding the physical basis of the procedure, at the end of the lecture T explained that renormalization is not an exclusive quantum or relativistic procedure. A careful treatment of classical electron theory as started by Lorentz and developed in detail by Kramers also…mehr
It is now a little more than 11 years since the idea of writing a personal and scientific biography of H. A. Kramers took hold of me. A few days earlier I had been lecturing, in a course on field theory, on the renormalization proce dures of relativistic quantum field theory. Since the students had considerable trouble understanding the physical basis of the procedure, at the end of the lecture T explained that renormalization is not an exclusive quantum or relativistic procedure. A careful treatment of classical electron theory as started by Lorentz and developed in detail by Kramers also requires re normalization. The students appeared quite interested and I promised them that I would explain all this in more detail in the next lecture. I could have looked up this material in Kramers' book, but I remembered that Kramers had stressed this idea in a course I had attended in Leiden in 1938-1939. I did dig up some of these old notes and, although they were considerably less transparent than my recollection seemed to indicate, they reminded me force fully of the thrilling days I had spent in Leiden with Kramers. Kramers' deep insight and originality were apparent even when distorted by my opaque notes. The students had never heard of these ideas of Kramers' and were totally unaware of his work in field theory.
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Inhaltsangabe
1 A Remarkable Person in a Very Special Epoch.- 1 H. A. Kramers: Why a Biography?.- 2 The Classical Synthesis: Lorentz.- 3 The Unraveling of Classical Physics: Planck and Einstein.- 4 Conflicts and the Basic Incompatibility.- 5 Bohr: Success and Ambiguity in a Period of Transition.- 6 Bohr, the Photon, and Kramers.- 7 The Bohr Institute: Pauli and Heisenberg.- 8 From Virtual Oscillators to Quantum Mechanics.- 9 The Revolution in Progress.- Notes for Part 1.- 2 Living Through a Revolution.- 10 A Hesitant Start with an Unusual Twist.- I. Youth and General Background.- II. The Leiden Years (1912 1916).- III. The Arnhem Interlude.- 11 The Early Copenhagen Years: From Student to Apostle.- I. Summary: Between Leiden and Copenhagen.- II. The Initial Contacts Between Kramers and Bohr.- III. Elaboration and Extensions of the Bohr Theory.- IV. Kramers Contribution to the Bohr Theory: The Thesis.- V. The Changing Status of Kramers.- VI. How Parsimonious the Emotions?.- 12 From Apostle to Prophet: Hints of Trouble to Come.- I. Helium: The First Failure.- II. More Problems: What Is the Right Direction?.- III. The Virtual Encounter of Kramers and Heisenberg.- IV. The Gospel According to Kramers and Holst.- V. The Great X-Ray Paper: The Last Success.- 13 The Multifarious Consequences of a Desperation Revolution.- I. The Struggle About the Photon.- II. The Kramers Dispersion Theory: Not a Consequence but a Success.- A. The Unreliability of Chronology.- B. Dispersion Theory: Background and Basic Ideas.- C. The Kramers Derivation.- III. The Bohr Kramers Slater Theory.- A. Background:Slater s Ideas.- B. Bohr Kramers Slater: The Interplay of Personalities.- C. The Bohr Kramers Slater Theory: Basic Ideas.- D. The BKS Theory: Reflections and Second Thoughts.- E. The Compton Effect in the BKS Theory.- F. The Intellectual Framework of Kramers Physics.- G. Kramers Personal Elaborations.- H. The Reception of the Theory.- I. The Crash.- IV. The Road to Quantum Mechanics: The Changing of the Guard.- A. The Kramers Heisenberg Dispersion Theory Paper: Background and Chronology.- B. General Approach Between Virtual Oscillators and Matrices.- C. Technical Matters: The Old Method and New Puzzles.- D. From Virtual Oscillators to Matrices: Heisenberg Goes It Alone.- E. The Personalities of Pauli, Heisenberg, and Kramers: The Strange Path from Deference to Ridicule to Doubt.- F. The Changing Patterns.- G. Why Didn t Kramers Discover Quantum Mechanics?.- 14 The Curious Copenhagen Interlude.- I. The Events.- II. Recollections and Some Documentation.- III. Conclusions.- Notes for Part 2.- 3 Waiting for a Revolution That Did Not Happen.- 15 The Search for Identity in Changing Times.- I. The Move to Utrecht.- II. The Change in Style and Mood.- III. The Scope of Kramers Activities.- IV. Kramers Contributions to Statistical Mechanics.- 16 The Recurrent Theme: Electrons and Radiation.- I. Kramers Approach: The Legacy of Lorentz and Bohr.- A. Lorentz s Influence.- B. Kramers Uneasiness with the Dirac Radiation Theory.- C. The Chronology of an Obsession.- II. The Struggle Toward a Consistent Theory.- A. The Construction of the First Kramers Hamiltonian.- B. Further Elaborations of Kramers Ideas.- III. The Story of Two Conferences: Shelter Island and Solvay.- A. The Pre-Shelter Island Status: The April 1944 Lecture.- B. The Shelter Island Conference: Kramers Presentation.- C. The Solvay Report: Culmination and Termination of Kramers Program.- D. Culmination or Oblivion: Van Kampen s Thesis.- IV. Retrospect: The Postponed Recognition.- A. The Lamb Shift: How High the Stakes.- B. The Convoluted Recognition.- C. What Went Wrong? Can One Be Too Principled?.- Notes for Part 3.- 4 Kramers as a Person and a Scientist: Conflict or Harmony?.- 17 Personality and Style.- I. The Assessments: Public and Personal.- II. The Conundrum of the Near Misses.- A. The Role of Near Misses.- B. The Litany of Near Misses.- C. Interlude: Near Miss Number 9 The S Matrix Incident.- D. Near Misses Co
1 A Remarkable Person in a Very Special Epoch.- 1 H. A. Kramers: Why a Biography?.- 2 The Classical Synthesis: Lorentz.- 3 The Unraveling of Classical Physics: Planck and Einstein.- 4 Conflicts and the Basic Incompatibility.- 5 Bohr: Success and Ambiguity in a Period of Transition.- 6 Bohr, the Photon, and Kramers.- 7 The Bohr Institute: Pauli and Heisenberg.- 8 From Virtual Oscillators to Quantum Mechanics.- 9 The Revolution in Progress.- Notes for Part 1.- 2 Living Through a Revolution.- 10 A Hesitant Start with an Unusual Twist.- I. Youth and General Background.- II. The Leiden Years (1912 1916).- III. The Arnhem Interlude.- 11 The Early Copenhagen Years: From Student to Apostle.- I. Summary: Between Leiden and Copenhagen.- II. The Initial Contacts Between Kramers and Bohr.- III. Elaboration and Extensions of the Bohr Theory.- IV. Kramers Contribution to the Bohr Theory: The Thesis.- V. The Changing Status of Kramers.- VI. How Parsimonious the Emotions?.- 12 From Apostle to Prophet: Hints of Trouble to Come.- I. Helium: The First Failure.- II. More Problems: What Is the Right Direction?.- III. The Virtual Encounter of Kramers and Heisenberg.- IV. The Gospel According to Kramers and Holst.- V. The Great X-Ray Paper: The Last Success.- 13 The Multifarious Consequences of a Desperation Revolution.- I. The Struggle About the Photon.- II. The Kramers Dispersion Theory: Not a Consequence but a Success.- A. The Unreliability of Chronology.- B. Dispersion Theory: Background and Basic Ideas.- C. The Kramers Derivation.- III. The Bohr Kramers Slater Theory.- A. Background:Slater s Ideas.- B. Bohr Kramers Slater: The Interplay of Personalities.- C. The Bohr Kramers Slater Theory: Basic Ideas.- D. The BKS Theory: Reflections and Second Thoughts.- E. The Compton Effect in the BKS Theory.- F. The Intellectual Framework of Kramers Physics.- G. Kramers Personal Elaborations.- H. The Reception of the Theory.- I. The Crash.- IV. The Road to Quantum Mechanics: The Changing of the Guard.- A. The Kramers Heisenberg Dispersion Theory Paper: Background and Chronology.- B. General Approach Between Virtual Oscillators and Matrices.- C. Technical Matters: The Old Method and New Puzzles.- D. From Virtual Oscillators to Matrices: Heisenberg Goes It Alone.- E. The Personalities of Pauli, Heisenberg, and Kramers: The Strange Path from Deference to Ridicule to Doubt.- F. The Changing Patterns.- G. Why Didn t Kramers Discover Quantum Mechanics?.- 14 The Curious Copenhagen Interlude.- I. The Events.- II. Recollections and Some Documentation.- III. Conclusions.- Notes for Part 2.- 3 Waiting for a Revolution That Did Not Happen.- 15 The Search for Identity in Changing Times.- I. The Move to Utrecht.- II. The Change in Style and Mood.- III. The Scope of Kramers Activities.- IV. Kramers Contributions to Statistical Mechanics.- 16 The Recurrent Theme: Electrons and Radiation.- I. Kramers Approach: The Legacy of Lorentz and Bohr.- A. Lorentz s Influence.- B. Kramers Uneasiness with the Dirac Radiation Theory.- C. The Chronology of an Obsession.- II. The Struggle Toward a Consistent Theory.- A. The Construction of the First Kramers Hamiltonian.- B. Further Elaborations of Kramers Ideas.- III. The Story of Two Conferences: Shelter Island and Solvay.- A. The Pre-Shelter Island Status: The April 1944 Lecture.- B. The Shelter Island Conference: Kramers Presentation.- C. The Solvay Report: Culmination and Termination of Kramers Program.- D. Culmination or Oblivion: Van Kampen s Thesis.- IV. Retrospect: The Postponed Recognition.- A. The Lamb Shift: How High the Stakes.- B. The Convoluted Recognition.- C. What Went Wrong? Can One Be Too Principled?.- Notes for Part 3.- 4 Kramers as a Person and a Scientist: Conflict or Harmony?.- 17 Personality and Style.- I. The Assessments: Public and Personal.- II. The Conundrum of the Near Misses.- A. The Role of Near Misses.- B. The Litany of Near Misses.- C. Interlude: Near Miss Number 9 The S Matrix Incident.- D. Near Misses Co
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