Handbook of Environmental Engineering
Herausgeber: Kutz, Myer
Handbook of Environmental Engineering
Herausgeber: Kutz, Myer
- Gebundenes Buch
- Merkliste
- Auf die Merkliste
- Bewerten Bewerten
- Teilen
- Produkt teilen
- Produkterinnerung
- Produkterinnerung
A comprehensive guide for both fundamentals and real-world applications of environmental engineering Written by noted experts, Handbook of Environmental Engineering offers a comprehensive guide to environmental engineers who desire to contribute to mitigating problems, such as flooding, caused by extreme weather events, protecting populations in coastal areas threatened by rising sea levels, reducing illnesses caused by polluted air, soil, and water from improperly regulated industrial and transportation activities, promoting the safety of the food supply. Contributors not only cover such…mehr
Andere Kunden interessierten sich auch für
- Environmental Engineering, 3 Volume Set449,99 €
- Pep (Professional Engineering Publishers)Engineering for Profit from Waste V328,99 €
- Srinivasan ChandrasekaranHealth, Safety, and Environmental Management in Offshore and Petroleum Engineering116,99 €
- Rao SurampalliHandbook of Environmental Engineering260,99 €
- Ken WhitelawISO 14001 Environmental Systems Handbook116,99 €
- Tyler G HicksHandbook of Energy Engineering Calculations184,99 €
- Susumu KawamuraIntegrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities224,99 €
-
-
-
A comprehensive guide for both fundamentals and real-world applications of environmental engineering Written by noted experts, Handbook of Environmental Engineering offers a comprehensive guide to environmental engineers who desire to contribute to mitigating problems, such as flooding, caused by extreme weather events, protecting populations in coastal areas threatened by rising sea levels, reducing illnesses caused by polluted air, soil, and water from improperly regulated industrial and transportation activities, promoting the safety of the food supply. Contributors not only cover such timely environmental topics related to soils, water, and air, minimizing pollution created by industrial plants and processes, and managing wastewater, hazardous, solid, and other industrial wastes, but also treat such vital topics as porous pavement design, aerosol measurements, noise pollution control, and industrial waste auditing. This important handbook: * Enables environmental engineers to treat problems in systematic ways * Discusses climate issues in ways useful for environmental engineers * Covers up-to-date measurement techniques important in environmental engineering * Reviews current developments in environmental law for environmental engineers * Includes information on water quality and wastewater engineering * Informs environmental engineers about methods of dealing with industrial and municipal waste, including hazardous waste Designed for use by practitioners, students, and researchers, Handbook of Environmental Engineering contains the most recent information to enable a clear understanding of major environmental issues.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 768
- Erscheinungstermin: 16. Oktober 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 279mm x 216mm x 33mm
- Gewicht: 1837g
- ISBN-13: 9781118712948
- ISBN-10: 1118712943
- Artikelnr.: 42950006
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 768
- Erscheinungstermin: 16. Oktober 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 279mm x 216mm x 33mm
- Gewicht: 1837g
- ISBN-13: 9781118712948
- ISBN-10: 1118712943
- Artikelnr.: 42950006
MYER KUTZ is the head of Myer Kutz Associates, Inc. For the past several years, he has focused on developing engineering handbooks and encyclopedias on a wide range of technical topics. Earlier, his firm supplied consulting services to a large client roster, including Fortune 500 companies, scientific societies, and large and small publishers.
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Environmental Systems Analysis 1
Adisa Azapagic 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Systems Analysis
Methods 1 1.3 Summary 11 References 11 2 Measurements in Environmental
Engineering 13 Daniel A. Vallero Summary 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2
Environmental Sampling Approaches 18 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 22 2.4 Sources
of Uncertainty 25 2.5 Measurements and Models 27 2.6 Contaminants of
Concern 27 2.7 Environmental Indicators 31 2.8 Emerging Trends in
Measurement 33 2.9 Measurement Ethics 40 Note 41 References 41 3
Environmental Law for Engineers 45 Jana B. Milford 3.1 Introduction and
General Principles 45 3.2 Common Law 48 3.3 The National Environmental
Policy Act 50 3.4 Clean Air Act 52 3.5 Clean Water Act 55 3.6 Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act 58 3.7 CERCLA 61 3.8 Enforcement and
Liability 62 Notes 65 4 Climate Modeling 67 Huei-Ping Huang 4.1
Introduction 67 4.2 Historical Development 67 4.3 Numerical Architecture of
the Dynamical Core 68 4.4 Physical and Subgrid-Scale Parameterization 71
4.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 73 4.6 The
Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 73 4.7 Statistical Model 77
4.8 Outlook 77 References 78 5 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the
Environmental Engineer 83 Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R.
Gamache 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Earth System's Critical Zone 84 5.3
Perception,Risk, and Hazard 87 5.4 Climatology Methods 94 5.5
Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 114 6
Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119 Mujde Erten-Unal and Mason Andrews
6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 119 6.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation
Design to Sea Level Rise 120 6.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design
Solutions 124 Notes 135 References 135 7 Soil Physical Properties and
Processes 137 Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B.
Jones, and Markus Tuller 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Basic Properties of Soils
137 7.3 Water Flow in Soils 158 7.4 Solute Transport 173 7.5 Soil
Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 182 7.6 Summary 194
Acknowledgments 194 Abbreviations 194 Physical Constants and Variables 195
References 198 8 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and
Electrochemical Methods 209 Sibel Pamukcu 8.1 Introduction and Background
209 8.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment
Remediation 211 8.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and
Sediment Remediation 222 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 239 References 240 9
Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249 Morteza Sadeghi,
Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller
9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 249 9.3 RS Technology 255
9.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 263 9.5 RS of State Variables 269 9.6 RS
of Environmental Fluxes 282 9.7 Summary 287 Acknowledgments 288
Abbreviations 288 Physical Constants and Variables 289 References 290 10
Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303 Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat
Y. Testik 10.1 Open- Channel Flow 303 10.2 Surface Waves 308 10.3
Groundwater Flow 310 10.4 Advection and Diffusion 313 10.5 Turbulent Jets
318 10.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 320 10.7 Gravity Currents 326 References
329 11 Water Quality 333 Steven C. Chapra 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2
Historical Background 334 11.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 336 11.4
Natural or "Conventional" Water Quality Problems 339 11.5 Toxic Substances
345 11.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 348 11.7 Back to the Future 348 Note 349
References 349 12 Wastewater Engineering 351 Say Kee Ong 12.1 Introduction
351 12.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 351 12.3
Treatment Technologies 355 12.4 Summary 371 References 371 13 Wastewater
Recycling 375 Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2
Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 376 13.3 Reliability Requirements for
Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 414 13.4 Planning and Funding
for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 416 13.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues
416 13.6 Public Involvement and Participation 418 13.7 Additional
Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated
Resource Recovery 418 13.8 Additional Sources of Information 423 References
423 14 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced
Runoff 425 Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad
Putman 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Benefits 428 14.3 Hydraulic
Characterization 430 14.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 435 14.5
Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442 References 448 15 Air Pollution
Control Engineering 453 Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore 15.1 Overview of
Air Quality 453 15.2 Emissions of Particulates 453 15.3 Control of
Particulates 459 15.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476 Acknowledgment 491
References 491 Further Reading 491 16 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their
Measurement 493 Christian M. Carrico 16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in
the Atmosphere 493 16.2 History and Regulation 493 16.3 Particle
Concentration Measurements 494 16.4 Measuring Particle Sizing
Characteristics 497 16.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution
Measurements 498 16.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 501 16.7
Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 501 16.8 Aerosol Optical Properties:
Impacts on Visibility and Climate 502 16.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical
Properties 505 16.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 506 16.11 Aerosol
Hygroscopicity 509 16.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 511 16.13
Aerosol Emission Control Technology 513 16.14 Summary and Conclusion 515
References 515 17 Indoor Air Pollution 519 Shelly L. Miller 17.1
Introduction 519 17.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 522 17.3
Deposition Velocity 524 17.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 526 17.5
Filtration of Particles and Gases 528 17.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 532
17.7 Ventilation Measurements 536 17.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics
539 17.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 541 17.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air
Pollution 542 17.11 Radon Overview 546 17.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 548
17.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 550 17.14 Particles in Indoor Air 551 17.15
Bioaerosols 553 17.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 555 17.17 VOC Surface
Interactions 556 17.18 Emissions Characterization 557 17.19 Odors 559
Acknowledgments 560 Note 560 References 560 18 Environmental Noise
Pollution 565 Sharad Gokhale 18.1 Introduction 565 18.2 Environmental Noise
565 18.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 566 18.4 Sound Propagation
in Environment 567 18.5 Characteristics of Sound 569 18.6 Relationship
between Characteristics 570 18.7 Environmental Noise Levels 573 18.8
Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 574 18.9 Environmental Noise
Management 579 Note 580 References 581 19 Hazardous Waste Management 583
Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster-Teasley 19.1 Fundamentals 583 19.2
Legal Framework 585 19.3 Fate and Transport 591 19.4 Toxicology 593 19.5
Environmental Audits 594 19.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure
596 References 598 20 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599 Bora
Cetin and Lin Li 20.1 Introduction 599 20.2 Type of Recycled Waste
Materials 599 20.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete
Aggregates 601 20.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 621 20.5
Conclusions 621 References 623 21 Solid Waste Separation and Processing:
Principles and Equipment 627 Georgios N. Anastassakis 21.1 Introduction 627
21.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 629 21.3 Size Separation 636
21.4 Manual-/Sensor-Based Sorting 638 21.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation
649 21.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 653 21.7 Ballistic Separation
660 21.8 Froth Flotation 661 21.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and
Pelletizing) 661 21.10 Compaction (Baling) 663 21.11 Benefits and Prospects
of Recycling 666 References 669 22 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing
673 Carl C. Nesbitt 22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 674 22.2 Chemical
Metallurgy Wastes 678 22.3 Conclusions 686 Reference 686 Further Reading
687 23 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry:
Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689 Cheng Seong
Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel 23.1 Introduction
689 23.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 691 23.3 Economics of
Pollution Prevention 698 23.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best
Practices for Pollution Prevention 699 23.5 Concluding Remarks 707
References 707 24 Industrial Waste Auditing 709 C. Visvanathan 24.1
Overview 709 24.2 Waste Minimization Programs 710 24.3 Waste Minimization
Cycle 711 24.4 Waste Auditing 712 24.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste
Audit 712 24.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 717 24.7 Phase
III: Assessment 719 24.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 722
24.9 Conclusion 724 Suggested Reading 729 Index 731
Adisa Azapagic 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Systems Analysis
Methods 1 1.3 Summary 11 References 11 2 Measurements in Environmental
Engineering 13 Daniel A. Vallero Summary 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2
Environmental Sampling Approaches 18 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 22 2.4 Sources
of Uncertainty 25 2.5 Measurements and Models 27 2.6 Contaminants of
Concern 27 2.7 Environmental Indicators 31 2.8 Emerging Trends in
Measurement 33 2.9 Measurement Ethics 40 Note 41 References 41 3
Environmental Law for Engineers 45 Jana B. Milford 3.1 Introduction and
General Principles 45 3.2 Common Law 48 3.3 The National Environmental
Policy Act 50 3.4 Clean Air Act 52 3.5 Clean Water Act 55 3.6 Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act 58 3.7 CERCLA 61 3.8 Enforcement and
Liability 62 Notes 65 4 Climate Modeling 67 Huei-Ping Huang 4.1
Introduction 67 4.2 Historical Development 67 4.3 Numerical Architecture of
the Dynamical Core 68 4.4 Physical and Subgrid-Scale Parameterization 71
4.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 73 4.6 The
Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 73 4.7 Statistical Model 77
4.8 Outlook 77 References 78 5 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the
Environmental Engineer 83 Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R.
Gamache 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Earth System's Critical Zone 84 5.3
Perception,Risk, and Hazard 87 5.4 Climatology Methods 94 5.5
Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 114 6
Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119 Mujde Erten-Unal and Mason Andrews
6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 119 6.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation
Design to Sea Level Rise 120 6.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design
Solutions 124 Notes 135 References 135 7 Soil Physical Properties and
Processes 137 Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B.
Jones, and Markus Tuller 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Basic Properties of Soils
137 7.3 Water Flow in Soils 158 7.4 Solute Transport 173 7.5 Soil
Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 182 7.6 Summary 194
Acknowledgments 194 Abbreviations 194 Physical Constants and Variables 195
References 198 8 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and
Electrochemical Methods 209 Sibel Pamukcu 8.1 Introduction and Background
209 8.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment
Remediation 211 8.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and
Sediment Remediation 222 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 239 References 240 9
Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249 Morteza Sadeghi,
Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller
9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 249 9.3 RS Technology 255
9.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 263 9.5 RS of State Variables 269 9.6 RS
of Environmental Fluxes 282 9.7 Summary 287 Acknowledgments 288
Abbreviations 288 Physical Constants and Variables 289 References 290 10
Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303 Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat
Y. Testik 10.1 Open- Channel Flow 303 10.2 Surface Waves 308 10.3
Groundwater Flow 310 10.4 Advection and Diffusion 313 10.5 Turbulent Jets
318 10.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 320 10.7 Gravity Currents 326 References
329 11 Water Quality 333 Steven C. Chapra 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2
Historical Background 334 11.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 336 11.4
Natural or "Conventional" Water Quality Problems 339 11.5 Toxic Substances
345 11.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 348 11.7 Back to the Future 348 Note 349
References 349 12 Wastewater Engineering 351 Say Kee Ong 12.1 Introduction
351 12.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 351 12.3
Treatment Technologies 355 12.4 Summary 371 References 371 13 Wastewater
Recycling 375 Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2
Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 376 13.3 Reliability Requirements for
Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 414 13.4 Planning and Funding
for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 416 13.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues
416 13.6 Public Involvement and Participation 418 13.7 Additional
Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated
Resource Recovery 418 13.8 Additional Sources of Information 423 References
423 14 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced
Runoff 425 Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad
Putman 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Benefits 428 14.3 Hydraulic
Characterization 430 14.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 435 14.5
Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442 References 448 15 Air Pollution
Control Engineering 453 Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore 15.1 Overview of
Air Quality 453 15.2 Emissions of Particulates 453 15.3 Control of
Particulates 459 15.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476 Acknowledgment 491
References 491 Further Reading 491 16 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their
Measurement 493 Christian M. Carrico 16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in
the Atmosphere 493 16.2 History and Regulation 493 16.3 Particle
Concentration Measurements 494 16.4 Measuring Particle Sizing
Characteristics 497 16.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution
Measurements 498 16.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 501 16.7
Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 501 16.8 Aerosol Optical Properties:
Impacts on Visibility and Climate 502 16.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical
Properties 505 16.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 506 16.11 Aerosol
Hygroscopicity 509 16.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 511 16.13
Aerosol Emission Control Technology 513 16.14 Summary and Conclusion 515
References 515 17 Indoor Air Pollution 519 Shelly L. Miller 17.1
Introduction 519 17.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 522 17.3
Deposition Velocity 524 17.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 526 17.5
Filtration of Particles and Gases 528 17.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 532
17.7 Ventilation Measurements 536 17.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics
539 17.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 541 17.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air
Pollution 542 17.11 Radon Overview 546 17.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 548
17.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 550 17.14 Particles in Indoor Air 551 17.15
Bioaerosols 553 17.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 555 17.17 VOC Surface
Interactions 556 17.18 Emissions Characterization 557 17.19 Odors 559
Acknowledgments 560 Note 560 References 560 18 Environmental Noise
Pollution 565 Sharad Gokhale 18.1 Introduction 565 18.2 Environmental Noise
565 18.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 566 18.4 Sound Propagation
in Environment 567 18.5 Characteristics of Sound 569 18.6 Relationship
between Characteristics 570 18.7 Environmental Noise Levels 573 18.8
Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 574 18.9 Environmental Noise
Management 579 Note 580 References 581 19 Hazardous Waste Management 583
Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster-Teasley 19.1 Fundamentals 583 19.2
Legal Framework 585 19.3 Fate and Transport 591 19.4 Toxicology 593 19.5
Environmental Audits 594 19.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure
596 References 598 20 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599 Bora
Cetin and Lin Li 20.1 Introduction 599 20.2 Type of Recycled Waste
Materials 599 20.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete
Aggregates 601 20.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 621 20.5
Conclusions 621 References 623 21 Solid Waste Separation and Processing:
Principles and Equipment 627 Georgios N. Anastassakis 21.1 Introduction 627
21.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 629 21.3 Size Separation 636
21.4 Manual-/Sensor-Based Sorting 638 21.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation
649 21.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 653 21.7 Ballistic Separation
660 21.8 Froth Flotation 661 21.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and
Pelletizing) 661 21.10 Compaction (Baling) 663 21.11 Benefits and Prospects
of Recycling 666 References 669 22 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing
673 Carl C. Nesbitt 22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 674 22.2 Chemical
Metallurgy Wastes 678 22.3 Conclusions 686 Reference 686 Further Reading
687 23 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry:
Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689 Cheng Seong
Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel 23.1 Introduction
689 23.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 691 23.3 Economics of
Pollution Prevention 698 23.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best
Practices for Pollution Prevention 699 23.5 Concluding Remarks 707
References 707 24 Industrial Waste Auditing 709 C. Visvanathan 24.1
Overview 709 24.2 Waste Minimization Programs 710 24.3 Waste Minimization
Cycle 711 24.4 Waste Auditing 712 24.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste
Audit 712 24.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 717 24.7 Phase
III: Assessment 719 24.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 722
24.9 Conclusion 724 Suggested Reading 729 Index 731
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Environmental Systems Analysis 1
Adisa Azapagic 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Systems Analysis
Methods 1 1.3 Summary 11 References 11 2 Measurements in Environmental
Engineering 13 Daniel A. Vallero Summary 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2
Environmental Sampling Approaches 18 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 22 2.4 Sources
of Uncertainty 25 2.5 Measurements and Models 27 2.6 Contaminants of
Concern 27 2.7 Environmental Indicators 31 2.8 Emerging Trends in
Measurement 33 2.9 Measurement Ethics 40 Note 41 References 41 3
Environmental Law for Engineers 45 Jana B. Milford 3.1 Introduction and
General Principles 45 3.2 Common Law 48 3.3 The National Environmental
Policy Act 50 3.4 Clean Air Act 52 3.5 Clean Water Act 55 3.6 Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act 58 3.7 CERCLA 61 3.8 Enforcement and
Liability 62 Notes 65 4 Climate Modeling 67 Huei-Ping Huang 4.1
Introduction 67 4.2 Historical Development 67 4.3 Numerical Architecture of
the Dynamical Core 68 4.4 Physical and Subgrid-Scale Parameterization 71
4.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 73 4.6 The
Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 73 4.7 Statistical Model 77
4.8 Outlook 77 References 78 5 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the
Environmental Engineer 83 Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R.
Gamache 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Earth System's Critical Zone 84 5.3
Perception,Risk, and Hazard 87 5.4 Climatology Methods 94 5.5
Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 114 6
Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119 Mujde Erten-Unal and Mason Andrews
6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 119 6.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation
Design to Sea Level Rise 120 6.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design
Solutions 124 Notes 135 References 135 7 Soil Physical Properties and
Processes 137 Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B.
Jones, and Markus Tuller 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Basic Properties of Soils
137 7.3 Water Flow in Soils 158 7.4 Solute Transport 173 7.5 Soil
Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 182 7.6 Summary 194
Acknowledgments 194 Abbreviations 194 Physical Constants and Variables 195
References 198 8 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and
Electrochemical Methods 209 Sibel Pamukcu 8.1 Introduction and Background
209 8.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment
Remediation 211 8.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and
Sediment Remediation 222 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 239 References 240 9
Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249 Morteza Sadeghi,
Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller
9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 249 9.3 RS Technology 255
9.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 263 9.5 RS of State Variables 269 9.6 RS
of Environmental Fluxes 282 9.7 Summary 287 Acknowledgments 288
Abbreviations 288 Physical Constants and Variables 289 References 290 10
Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303 Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat
Y. Testik 10.1 Open- Channel Flow 303 10.2 Surface Waves 308 10.3
Groundwater Flow 310 10.4 Advection and Diffusion 313 10.5 Turbulent Jets
318 10.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 320 10.7 Gravity Currents 326 References
329 11 Water Quality 333 Steven C. Chapra 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2
Historical Background 334 11.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 336 11.4
Natural or "Conventional" Water Quality Problems 339 11.5 Toxic Substances
345 11.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 348 11.7 Back to the Future 348 Note 349
References 349 12 Wastewater Engineering 351 Say Kee Ong 12.1 Introduction
351 12.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 351 12.3
Treatment Technologies 355 12.4 Summary 371 References 371 13 Wastewater
Recycling 375 Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2
Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 376 13.3 Reliability Requirements for
Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 414 13.4 Planning and Funding
for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 416 13.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues
416 13.6 Public Involvement and Participation 418 13.7 Additional
Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated
Resource Recovery 418 13.8 Additional Sources of Information 423 References
423 14 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced
Runoff 425 Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad
Putman 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Benefits 428 14.3 Hydraulic
Characterization 430 14.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 435 14.5
Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442 References 448 15 Air Pollution
Control Engineering 453 Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore 15.1 Overview of
Air Quality 453 15.2 Emissions of Particulates 453 15.3 Control of
Particulates 459 15.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476 Acknowledgment 491
References 491 Further Reading 491 16 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their
Measurement 493 Christian M. Carrico 16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in
the Atmosphere 493 16.2 History and Regulation 493 16.3 Particle
Concentration Measurements 494 16.4 Measuring Particle Sizing
Characteristics 497 16.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution
Measurements 498 16.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 501 16.7
Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 501 16.8 Aerosol Optical Properties:
Impacts on Visibility and Climate 502 16.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical
Properties 505 16.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 506 16.11 Aerosol
Hygroscopicity 509 16.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 511 16.13
Aerosol Emission Control Technology 513 16.14 Summary and Conclusion 515
References 515 17 Indoor Air Pollution 519 Shelly L. Miller 17.1
Introduction 519 17.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 522 17.3
Deposition Velocity 524 17.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 526 17.5
Filtration of Particles and Gases 528 17.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 532
17.7 Ventilation Measurements 536 17.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics
539 17.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 541 17.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air
Pollution 542 17.11 Radon Overview 546 17.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 548
17.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 550 17.14 Particles in Indoor Air 551 17.15
Bioaerosols 553 17.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 555 17.17 VOC Surface
Interactions 556 17.18 Emissions Characterization 557 17.19 Odors 559
Acknowledgments 560 Note 560 References 560 18 Environmental Noise
Pollution 565 Sharad Gokhale 18.1 Introduction 565 18.2 Environmental Noise
565 18.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 566 18.4 Sound Propagation
in Environment 567 18.5 Characteristics of Sound 569 18.6 Relationship
between Characteristics 570 18.7 Environmental Noise Levels 573 18.8
Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 574 18.9 Environmental Noise
Management 579 Note 580 References 581 19 Hazardous Waste Management 583
Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster-Teasley 19.1 Fundamentals 583 19.2
Legal Framework 585 19.3 Fate and Transport 591 19.4 Toxicology 593 19.5
Environmental Audits 594 19.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure
596 References 598 20 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599 Bora
Cetin and Lin Li 20.1 Introduction 599 20.2 Type of Recycled Waste
Materials 599 20.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete
Aggregates 601 20.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 621 20.5
Conclusions 621 References 623 21 Solid Waste Separation and Processing:
Principles and Equipment 627 Georgios N. Anastassakis 21.1 Introduction 627
21.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 629 21.3 Size Separation 636
21.4 Manual-/Sensor-Based Sorting 638 21.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation
649 21.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 653 21.7 Ballistic Separation
660 21.8 Froth Flotation 661 21.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and
Pelletizing) 661 21.10 Compaction (Baling) 663 21.11 Benefits and Prospects
of Recycling 666 References 669 22 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing
673 Carl C. Nesbitt 22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 674 22.2 Chemical
Metallurgy Wastes 678 22.3 Conclusions 686 Reference 686 Further Reading
687 23 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry:
Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689 Cheng Seong
Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel 23.1 Introduction
689 23.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 691 23.3 Economics of
Pollution Prevention 698 23.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best
Practices for Pollution Prevention 699 23.5 Concluding Remarks 707
References 707 24 Industrial Waste Auditing 709 C. Visvanathan 24.1
Overview 709 24.2 Waste Minimization Programs 710 24.3 Waste Minimization
Cycle 711 24.4 Waste Auditing 712 24.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste
Audit 712 24.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 717 24.7 Phase
III: Assessment 719 24.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 722
24.9 Conclusion 724 Suggested Reading 729 Index 731
Adisa Azapagic 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Systems Analysis
Methods 1 1.3 Summary 11 References 11 2 Measurements in Environmental
Engineering 13 Daniel A. Vallero Summary 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2
Environmental Sampling Approaches 18 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 22 2.4 Sources
of Uncertainty 25 2.5 Measurements and Models 27 2.6 Contaminants of
Concern 27 2.7 Environmental Indicators 31 2.8 Emerging Trends in
Measurement 33 2.9 Measurement Ethics 40 Note 41 References 41 3
Environmental Law for Engineers 45 Jana B. Milford 3.1 Introduction and
General Principles 45 3.2 Common Law 48 3.3 The National Environmental
Policy Act 50 3.4 Clean Air Act 52 3.5 Clean Water Act 55 3.6 Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act 58 3.7 CERCLA 61 3.8 Enforcement and
Liability 62 Notes 65 4 Climate Modeling 67 Huei-Ping Huang 4.1
Introduction 67 4.2 Historical Development 67 4.3 Numerical Architecture of
the Dynamical Core 68 4.4 Physical and Subgrid-Scale Parameterization 71
4.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 73 4.6 The
Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 73 4.7 Statistical Model 77
4.8 Outlook 77 References 78 5 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the
Environmental Engineer 83 Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R.
Gamache 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Earth System's Critical Zone 84 5.3
Perception,Risk, and Hazard 87 5.4 Climatology Methods 94 5.5
Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 114 6
Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119 Mujde Erten-Unal and Mason Andrews
6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 119 6.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation
Design to Sea Level Rise 120 6.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design
Solutions 124 Notes 135 References 135 7 Soil Physical Properties and
Processes 137 Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B.
Jones, and Markus Tuller 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Basic Properties of Soils
137 7.3 Water Flow in Soils 158 7.4 Solute Transport 173 7.5 Soil
Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 182 7.6 Summary 194
Acknowledgments 194 Abbreviations 194 Physical Constants and Variables 195
References 198 8 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and
Electrochemical Methods 209 Sibel Pamukcu 8.1 Introduction and Background
209 8.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment
Remediation 211 8.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and
Sediment Remediation 222 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 239 References 240 9
Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249 Morteza Sadeghi,
Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller
9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 249 9.3 RS Technology 255
9.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 263 9.5 RS of State Variables 269 9.6 RS
of Environmental Fluxes 282 9.7 Summary 287 Acknowledgments 288
Abbreviations 288 Physical Constants and Variables 289 References 290 10
Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303 Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat
Y. Testik 10.1 Open- Channel Flow 303 10.2 Surface Waves 308 10.3
Groundwater Flow 310 10.4 Advection and Diffusion 313 10.5 Turbulent Jets
318 10.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 320 10.7 Gravity Currents 326 References
329 11 Water Quality 333 Steven C. Chapra 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2
Historical Background 334 11.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 336 11.4
Natural or "Conventional" Water Quality Problems 339 11.5 Toxic Substances
345 11.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 348 11.7 Back to the Future 348 Note 349
References 349 12 Wastewater Engineering 351 Say Kee Ong 12.1 Introduction
351 12.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 351 12.3
Treatment Technologies 355 12.4 Summary 371 References 371 13 Wastewater
Recycling 375 Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2
Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 376 13.3 Reliability Requirements for
Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 414 13.4 Planning and Funding
for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 416 13.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues
416 13.6 Public Involvement and Participation 418 13.7 Additional
Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated
Resource Recovery 418 13.8 Additional Sources of Information 423 References
423 14 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced
Runoff 425 Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad
Putman 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Benefits 428 14.3 Hydraulic
Characterization 430 14.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 435 14.5
Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442 References 448 15 Air Pollution
Control Engineering 453 Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore 15.1 Overview of
Air Quality 453 15.2 Emissions of Particulates 453 15.3 Control of
Particulates 459 15.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476 Acknowledgment 491
References 491 Further Reading 491 16 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their
Measurement 493 Christian M. Carrico 16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in
the Atmosphere 493 16.2 History and Regulation 493 16.3 Particle
Concentration Measurements 494 16.4 Measuring Particle Sizing
Characteristics 497 16.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution
Measurements 498 16.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 501 16.7
Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 501 16.8 Aerosol Optical Properties:
Impacts on Visibility and Climate 502 16.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical
Properties 505 16.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 506 16.11 Aerosol
Hygroscopicity 509 16.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 511 16.13
Aerosol Emission Control Technology 513 16.14 Summary and Conclusion 515
References 515 17 Indoor Air Pollution 519 Shelly L. Miller 17.1
Introduction 519 17.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 522 17.3
Deposition Velocity 524 17.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 526 17.5
Filtration of Particles and Gases 528 17.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 532
17.7 Ventilation Measurements 536 17.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics
539 17.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 541 17.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air
Pollution 542 17.11 Radon Overview 546 17.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 548
17.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 550 17.14 Particles in Indoor Air 551 17.15
Bioaerosols 553 17.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 555 17.17 VOC Surface
Interactions 556 17.18 Emissions Characterization 557 17.19 Odors 559
Acknowledgments 560 Note 560 References 560 18 Environmental Noise
Pollution 565 Sharad Gokhale 18.1 Introduction 565 18.2 Environmental Noise
565 18.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 566 18.4 Sound Propagation
in Environment 567 18.5 Characteristics of Sound 569 18.6 Relationship
between Characteristics 570 18.7 Environmental Noise Levels 573 18.8
Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 574 18.9 Environmental Noise
Management 579 Note 580 References 581 19 Hazardous Waste Management 583
Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster-Teasley 19.1 Fundamentals 583 19.2
Legal Framework 585 19.3 Fate and Transport 591 19.4 Toxicology 593 19.5
Environmental Audits 594 19.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure
596 References 598 20 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599 Bora
Cetin and Lin Li 20.1 Introduction 599 20.2 Type of Recycled Waste
Materials 599 20.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete
Aggregates 601 20.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 621 20.5
Conclusions 621 References 623 21 Solid Waste Separation and Processing:
Principles and Equipment 627 Georgios N. Anastassakis 21.1 Introduction 627
21.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 629 21.3 Size Separation 636
21.4 Manual-/Sensor-Based Sorting 638 21.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation
649 21.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 653 21.7 Ballistic Separation
660 21.8 Froth Flotation 661 21.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and
Pelletizing) 661 21.10 Compaction (Baling) 663 21.11 Benefits and Prospects
of Recycling 666 References 669 22 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing
673 Carl C. Nesbitt 22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 674 22.2 Chemical
Metallurgy Wastes 678 22.3 Conclusions 686 Reference 686 Further Reading
687 23 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry:
Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689 Cheng Seong
Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel 23.1 Introduction
689 23.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 691 23.3 Economics of
Pollution Prevention 698 23.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best
Practices for Pollution Prevention 699 23.5 Concluding Remarks 707
References 707 24 Industrial Waste Auditing 709 C. Visvanathan 24.1
Overview 709 24.2 Waste Minimization Programs 710 24.3 Waste Minimization
Cycle 711 24.4 Waste Auditing 712 24.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste
Audit 712 24.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 717 24.7 Phase
III: Assessment 719 24.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 722
24.9 Conclusion 724 Suggested Reading 729 Index 731