Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3
Herausgeber: Kutz, Myer
Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3
Herausgeber: Kutz, Myer
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A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications "When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." -- Lord Kelvin Measurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state…mehr
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A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications "When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." -- Lord Kelvin Measurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data. The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements--beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 3 covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry: * Laser Measurement Techniques * Magnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect * Scanning Tunneling Microscopy * Measurement of Light and Color * The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation * Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks * Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement * Cryogenic Measurements * Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements * Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems * Electric Power and Energy Measurement * Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences * Liquid Chromatography * Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins * Fluorescence Spectroscopy * X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy * Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy * Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy * Nanomaterials Properties * Chemical Sensing Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Volume 3 edition
- Seitenzahl: 832
- Erscheinungstermin: 25. April 2016
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 257mm x 183mm x 43mm
- Gewicht: 1588g
- ISBN-13: 9781118647240
- ISBN-10: 1118647246
- Artikelnr.: 42968344
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Volume 3 edition
- Seitenzahl: 832
- Erscheinungstermin: 25. April 2016
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 257mm x 183mm x 43mm
- Gewicht: 1588g
- ISBN-13: 9781118647240
- ISBN-10: 1118647246
- Artikelnr.: 42968344
Myer Kutz holds engineering degrees from RPI and MIT. He was Vice President and General Manager of Wiley's STM division and has consulted and authored for most of the major professional and technical publishing houses. He is the author of 7 books and the editor of more than 20 handbooks.
VOLUME 3 List of Contributors xxi PREFACE xxv Part VII Physics and
Electrical Engineering 1943 54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945 Cecil S.
Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles 54.1
Introduction, 1945 54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic
Aperture Radar Systems, 1965 54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974
References, 1997 55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect
2001 Byung I. Kim 55.1 Introduction, 2001 55.2 Experiment 2004 55.3 Results
and Discussion 2006 55.4 Conclusion 2020 References 2021 56 Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy 2025 Kwok-Wai Ng 56.1 Introduction 2025 56.2 Theory of
Operation 2026 56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 2030 56.4 The Scanner
2032 56.5 Operating Mode 2035 56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 2036 56.7
Summary 2041 References 2042 57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043 John D.
Bullough 57.1 Introduction 2043 57.2 Lighting Terminology 2043 57.3 Basic
Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 2056 57.4 Instrumentation 2072
References 2074 58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075
Clair J. Sullivan 58.1 Introduction 2075 58.2 Common Interactions of
Ionizing Radiation 2076 58.3 The Measurement of Charge 2077 58.4 Major
Types of Detectors 2081 58.5 Neutron Detection 2100 58.6 Concluding Remarks
2106 References 2106 59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109 Judah
Levine 59.1 Introduction 2109 59.2 A Generic Clock 2109 59.3 Characterizing
the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 2110 59.4 Characteristics of
Different Types of Oscillators 2117 59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators
2119 59.6 Noise Models 2121 59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 2126 59.8
Measurement Strategies 2129 59.9 The Kalman Estimator 2133 59.10
Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 2135 59.11 Examples of the
Measurement Strategies 2141 59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS
2141 59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 2152
59.13 Error Detection 2155 59.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis 2156 59.15 The
National Time Scale 2157 59.16 Traceability 2158 59.17 Summary 2159 59.18
Bibliography 2160 References 2160 60 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
2163 Charles D. Hoyle Jr. 60.1 Introduction 2163 60.2 Motivation for
Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 2164 60.3 Parameterization
2165 60.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements
2166 60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 2167 60.6 Microoscillators and
Submicron Tests of Gravity 2177 60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques
2178 Acknowledgements 2178 References 2178 61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181
Ray Radebaugh 61.1 Introduction 2181 61.2 Temperature 2182 61.3 Strain 2201
61.4 Pressure 2205 61.5 Flow 2211 61.6 Liquid Level 2218 61.7 Magnetic
Field 2219 61.8 Conclusions 2220 References 2220 62 Temperature-Dependent
Fluorescence Measurements 2225 James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W.
Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere 62.1
Introduction 2225 62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 2227 62.3 Theory
and Background 2227 62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 2235 62.5
History of Phosphor Thermometry 2238 62.6 Representative Measurement
Applications 2239 62.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature
Measurement 2241 62.8 Conclusion 2243 References 2243 63 Voltage and
Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245 Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci
63.1 Introduction 2245 63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current
Transducers 2247 63.3 Instrument Transformers 2248 63.4 Transducers Based
on Passive Components 2255 63.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers 2258
63.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 2262 63.7 Optical Current
and Voltage Transducers 2267 References and Further Reading 2273 64
Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275 Alessandro Ferrero and Marco
Faifer 64.1 Introduction 2275 64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
2276 64.3 Measurement Methods 2282 64.4 Wattmeters 2288 64.5 Transducers
2290 64.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303 References 2305 Part VIII
CHEMISTRY 2307 65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and
Measurement Sciences 2309 Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad 65.1
Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 2309 65.2 Representative
Data 2311 65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 2317 65.4 Multivariate Regression
2352 65.5 Multivariate Classification 2369 65.6 Techniques for Validating
Chemometric Models 2385 65.7 An Introduction to Mspc 2389 65.8 Terminology
2397 65.9 Chapter Summary 2401 References 2404 66 Liquid Chromatography
2409 Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria
Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage 66.1
Introduction 2409 66.2 Support Materials in Lc 2412 66.3 Role of the Mobile
Phase in Lc 2413 66.4 Adsorption Chromatography 2414 66.5 Partition
Chromatography 2415 66.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 2417 66.7
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 2419 66.8 Affinity Chromatography 2421 66.9
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 2423 66.10 Other Components of Lc
Systems 2426 Acknowledgements 2427 References 2427 67 Mass Spectroscopy
Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431 Xianquan Zhan and
Dominic M. Desiderio 67.1 Introduction 2431 67.2 Mass Spectrometric
Characteristics of Nitropeptides 2434 67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro
Synthetic Nitroproteins 2443 67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins
2446 67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological
Conditions 2449 67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 2456
67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 2462 67.8 Conclusions 2463
Nomenclature 2464 Acknowledgments 2465 References 2465 68 Fluorescence
Spectroscopy 2475 Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri 68.1 Observables
Measured in Fluorescence 2476 68.2 The Perrin-JabBonski Diagram 2476 68.3
Instrumentation 2479 68.4 Fluorophores 2486 68.5 Measurements 2487 68.6
Conclusions 2498 References 2498 Further Reading 2498 69 X-Ray Absorption
Spectroscopy 2499 Grant Bunker 69.1 Introduction 2499 69.2 Basic Physics of
X-Rays 2499 69.3 Experimental Requirements 2505 69.4 Measurement Modes 2507
69.5 Sources 2507 69.6 Beamlines 2512 69.7 Detectors 2518 69.8 Sample
Preparation and Detection Modes 2521 69.9 Absolute Measurements 2526
References 2526 70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529
Kenneth R. Metz 70.1 Introduction 2529 70.2 Historical Review 2530 70.3
Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 2531 70.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal
2534 70.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 2538 70.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum
2540 70.7 Nmr Instrumentation 2542 70.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment
2550 70.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 2551 70.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects
2563 70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 2568 70.12 Multidimensional Nmr 2573
70.13 Conclusion 2580 References 2580 71 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its
Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583 Brad Swarbrick 71.1
Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 2583
71.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 2588 71.3 Instrumentation for Nir
Spectroscopy 2595 71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation
in Nir Spectroscopy 2609 71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric
Analysis 2620 71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy
2633 71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 2647 71.8 Terminology 2648
References 2652 72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657 Paul J. Simmonds 72.1
Introduction 2657 72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 2660 72.3 Nanomaterial
Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio 2661 72.4
Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 2674 72.5
Conclusions 2695 References 2695 73 Chemical Sensing 2707 W. Rudolf Seitz
73.1 Introduction 2707 73.2 Electrical Methods 2709 73.3 Optical Methods
2717 73.4 Mass Sensors 2722 73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724
References 2724 Index 2727
Electrical Engineering 1943 54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945 Cecil S.
Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles 54.1
Introduction, 1945 54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic
Aperture Radar Systems, 1965 54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974
References, 1997 55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect
2001 Byung I. Kim 55.1 Introduction, 2001 55.2 Experiment 2004 55.3 Results
and Discussion 2006 55.4 Conclusion 2020 References 2021 56 Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy 2025 Kwok-Wai Ng 56.1 Introduction 2025 56.2 Theory of
Operation 2026 56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 2030 56.4 The Scanner
2032 56.5 Operating Mode 2035 56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 2036 56.7
Summary 2041 References 2042 57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043 John D.
Bullough 57.1 Introduction 2043 57.2 Lighting Terminology 2043 57.3 Basic
Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 2056 57.4 Instrumentation 2072
References 2074 58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075
Clair J. Sullivan 58.1 Introduction 2075 58.2 Common Interactions of
Ionizing Radiation 2076 58.3 The Measurement of Charge 2077 58.4 Major
Types of Detectors 2081 58.5 Neutron Detection 2100 58.6 Concluding Remarks
2106 References 2106 59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109 Judah
Levine 59.1 Introduction 2109 59.2 A Generic Clock 2109 59.3 Characterizing
the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 2110 59.4 Characteristics of
Different Types of Oscillators 2117 59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators
2119 59.6 Noise Models 2121 59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 2126 59.8
Measurement Strategies 2129 59.9 The Kalman Estimator 2133 59.10
Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 2135 59.11 Examples of the
Measurement Strategies 2141 59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS
2141 59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 2152
59.13 Error Detection 2155 59.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis 2156 59.15 The
National Time Scale 2157 59.16 Traceability 2158 59.17 Summary 2159 59.18
Bibliography 2160 References 2160 60 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
2163 Charles D. Hoyle Jr. 60.1 Introduction 2163 60.2 Motivation for
Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 2164 60.3 Parameterization
2165 60.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements
2166 60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 2167 60.6 Microoscillators and
Submicron Tests of Gravity 2177 60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques
2178 Acknowledgements 2178 References 2178 61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181
Ray Radebaugh 61.1 Introduction 2181 61.2 Temperature 2182 61.3 Strain 2201
61.4 Pressure 2205 61.5 Flow 2211 61.6 Liquid Level 2218 61.7 Magnetic
Field 2219 61.8 Conclusions 2220 References 2220 62 Temperature-Dependent
Fluorescence Measurements 2225 James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W.
Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere 62.1
Introduction 2225 62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 2227 62.3 Theory
and Background 2227 62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 2235 62.5
History of Phosphor Thermometry 2238 62.6 Representative Measurement
Applications 2239 62.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature
Measurement 2241 62.8 Conclusion 2243 References 2243 63 Voltage and
Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245 Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci
63.1 Introduction 2245 63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current
Transducers 2247 63.3 Instrument Transformers 2248 63.4 Transducers Based
on Passive Components 2255 63.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers 2258
63.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 2262 63.7 Optical Current
and Voltage Transducers 2267 References and Further Reading 2273 64
Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275 Alessandro Ferrero and Marco
Faifer 64.1 Introduction 2275 64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
2276 64.3 Measurement Methods 2282 64.4 Wattmeters 2288 64.5 Transducers
2290 64.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303 References 2305 Part VIII
CHEMISTRY 2307 65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and
Measurement Sciences 2309 Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad 65.1
Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 2309 65.2 Representative
Data 2311 65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 2317 65.4 Multivariate Regression
2352 65.5 Multivariate Classification 2369 65.6 Techniques for Validating
Chemometric Models 2385 65.7 An Introduction to Mspc 2389 65.8 Terminology
2397 65.9 Chapter Summary 2401 References 2404 66 Liquid Chromatography
2409 Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria
Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage 66.1
Introduction 2409 66.2 Support Materials in Lc 2412 66.3 Role of the Mobile
Phase in Lc 2413 66.4 Adsorption Chromatography 2414 66.5 Partition
Chromatography 2415 66.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 2417 66.7
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 2419 66.8 Affinity Chromatography 2421 66.9
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 2423 66.10 Other Components of Lc
Systems 2426 Acknowledgements 2427 References 2427 67 Mass Spectroscopy
Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431 Xianquan Zhan and
Dominic M. Desiderio 67.1 Introduction 2431 67.2 Mass Spectrometric
Characteristics of Nitropeptides 2434 67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro
Synthetic Nitroproteins 2443 67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins
2446 67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological
Conditions 2449 67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 2456
67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 2462 67.8 Conclusions 2463
Nomenclature 2464 Acknowledgments 2465 References 2465 68 Fluorescence
Spectroscopy 2475 Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri 68.1 Observables
Measured in Fluorescence 2476 68.2 The Perrin-JabBonski Diagram 2476 68.3
Instrumentation 2479 68.4 Fluorophores 2486 68.5 Measurements 2487 68.6
Conclusions 2498 References 2498 Further Reading 2498 69 X-Ray Absorption
Spectroscopy 2499 Grant Bunker 69.1 Introduction 2499 69.2 Basic Physics of
X-Rays 2499 69.3 Experimental Requirements 2505 69.4 Measurement Modes 2507
69.5 Sources 2507 69.6 Beamlines 2512 69.7 Detectors 2518 69.8 Sample
Preparation and Detection Modes 2521 69.9 Absolute Measurements 2526
References 2526 70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529
Kenneth R. Metz 70.1 Introduction 2529 70.2 Historical Review 2530 70.3
Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 2531 70.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal
2534 70.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 2538 70.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum
2540 70.7 Nmr Instrumentation 2542 70.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment
2550 70.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 2551 70.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects
2563 70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 2568 70.12 Multidimensional Nmr 2573
70.13 Conclusion 2580 References 2580 71 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its
Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583 Brad Swarbrick 71.1
Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 2583
71.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 2588 71.3 Instrumentation for Nir
Spectroscopy 2595 71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation
in Nir Spectroscopy 2609 71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric
Analysis 2620 71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy
2633 71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 2647 71.8 Terminology 2648
References 2652 72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657 Paul J. Simmonds 72.1
Introduction 2657 72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 2660 72.3 Nanomaterial
Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio 2661 72.4
Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 2674 72.5
Conclusions 2695 References 2695 73 Chemical Sensing 2707 W. Rudolf Seitz
73.1 Introduction 2707 73.2 Electrical Methods 2709 73.3 Optical Methods
2717 73.4 Mass Sensors 2722 73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724
References 2724 Index 2727
VOLUME 3 List of Contributors xxi PREFACE xxv Part VII Physics and
Electrical Engineering 1943 54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945 Cecil S.
Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles 54.1
Introduction, 1945 54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic
Aperture Radar Systems, 1965 54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974
References, 1997 55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect
2001 Byung I. Kim 55.1 Introduction, 2001 55.2 Experiment 2004 55.3 Results
and Discussion 2006 55.4 Conclusion 2020 References 2021 56 Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy 2025 Kwok-Wai Ng 56.1 Introduction 2025 56.2 Theory of
Operation 2026 56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 2030 56.4 The Scanner
2032 56.5 Operating Mode 2035 56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 2036 56.7
Summary 2041 References 2042 57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043 John D.
Bullough 57.1 Introduction 2043 57.2 Lighting Terminology 2043 57.3 Basic
Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 2056 57.4 Instrumentation 2072
References 2074 58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075
Clair J. Sullivan 58.1 Introduction 2075 58.2 Common Interactions of
Ionizing Radiation 2076 58.3 The Measurement of Charge 2077 58.4 Major
Types of Detectors 2081 58.5 Neutron Detection 2100 58.6 Concluding Remarks
2106 References 2106 59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109 Judah
Levine 59.1 Introduction 2109 59.2 A Generic Clock 2109 59.3 Characterizing
the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 2110 59.4 Characteristics of
Different Types of Oscillators 2117 59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators
2119 59.6 Noise Models 2121 59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 2126 59.8
Measurement Strategies 2129 59.9 The Kalman Estimator 2133 59.10
Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 2135 59.11 Examples of the
Measurement Strategies 2141 59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS
2141 59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 2152
59.13 Error Detection 2155 59.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis 2156 59.15 The
National Time Scale 2157 59.16 Traceability 2158 59.17 Summary 2159 59.18
Bibliography 2160 References 2160 60 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
2163 Charles D. Hoyle Jr. 60.1 Introduction 2163 60.2 Motivation for
Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 2164 60.3 Parameterization
2165 60.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements
2166 60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 2167 60.6 Microoscillators and
Submicron Tests of Gravity 2177 60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques
2178 Acknowledgements 2178 References 2178 61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181
Ray Radebaugh 61.1 Introduction 2181 61.2 Temperature 2182 61.3 Strain 2201
61.4 Pressure 2205 61.5 Flow 2211 61.6 Liquid Level 2218 61.7 Magnetic
Field 2219 61.8 Conclusions 2220 References 2220 62 Temperature-Dependent
Fluorescence Measurements 2225 James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W.
Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere 62.1
Introduction 2225 62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 2227 62.3 Theory
and Background 2227 62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 2235 62.5
History of Phosphor Thermometry 2238 62.6 Representative Measurement
Applications 2239 62.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature
Measurement 2241 62.8 Conclusion 2243 References 2243 63 Voltage and
Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245 Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci
63.1 Introduction 2245 63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current
Transducers 2247 63.3 Instrument Transformers 2248 63.4 Transducers Based
on Passive Components 2255 63.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers 2258
63.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 2262 63.7 Optical Current
and Voltage Transducers 2267 References and Further Reading 2273 64
Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275 Alessandro Ferrero and Marco
Faifer 64.1 Introduction 2275 64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
2276 64.3 Measurement Methods 2282 64.4 Wattmeters 2288 64.5 Transducers
2290 64.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303 References 2305 Part VIII
CHEMISTRY 2307 65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and
Measurement Sciences 2309 Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad 65.1
Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 2309 65.2 Representative
Data 2311 65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 2317 65.4 Multivariate Regression
2352 65.5 Multivariate Classification 2369 65.6 Techniques for Validating
Chemometric Models 2385 65.7 An Introduction to Mspc 2389 65.8 Terminology
2397 65.9 Chapter Summary 2401 References 2404 66 Liquid Chromatography
2409 Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria
Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage 66.1
Introduction 2409 66.2 Support Materials in Lc 2412 66.3 Role of the Mobile
Phase in Lc 2413 66.4 Adsorption Chromatography 2414 66.5 Partition
Chromatography 2415 66.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 2417 66.7
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 2419 66.8 Affinity Chromatography 2421 66.9
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 2423 66.10 Other Components of Lc
Systems 2426 Acknowledgements 2427 References 2427 67 Mass Spectroscopy
Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431 Xianquan Zhan and
Dominic M. Desiderio 67.1 Introduction 2431 67.2 Mass Spectrometric
Characteristics of Nitropeptides 2434 67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro
Synthetic Nitroproteins 2443 67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins
2446 67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological
Conditions 2449 67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 2456
67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 2462 67.8 Conclusions 2463
Nomenclature 2464 Acknowledgments 2465 References 2465 68 Fluorescence
Spectroscopy 2475 Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri 68.1 Observables
Measured in Fluorescence 2476 68.2 The Perrin-JabBonski Diagram 2476 68.3
Instrumentation 2479 68.4 Fluorophores 2486 68.5 Measurements 2487 68.6
Conclusions 2498 References 2498 Further Reading 2498 69 X-Ray Absorption
Spectroscopy 2499 Grant Bunker 69.1 Introduction 2499 69.2 Basic Physics of
X-Rays 2499 69.3 Experimental Requirements 2505 69.4 Measurement Modes 2507
69.5 Sources 2507 69.6 Beamlines 2512 69.7 Detectors 2518 69.8 Sample
Preparation and Detection Modes 2521 69.9 Absolute Measurements 2526
References 2526 70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529
Kenneth R. Metz 70.1 Introduction 2529 70.2 Historical Review 2530 70.3
Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 2531 70.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal
2534 70.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 2538 70.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum
2540 70.7 Nmr Instrumentation 2542 70.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment
2550 70.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 2551 70.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects
2563 70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 2568 70.12 Multidimensional Nmr 2573
70.13 Conclusion 2580 References 2580 71 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its
Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583 Brad Swarbrick 71.1
Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 2583
71.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 2588 71.3 Instrumentation for Nir
Spectroscopy 2595 71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation
in Nir Spectroscopy 2609 71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric
Analysis 2620 71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy
2633 71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 2647 71.8 Terminology 2648
References 2652 72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657 Paul J. Simmonds 72.1
Introduction 2657 72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 2660 72.3 Nanomaterial
Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio 2661 72.4
Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 2674 72.5
Conclusions 2695 References 2695 73 Chemical Sensing 2707 W. Rudolf Seitz
73.1 Introduction 2707 73.2 Electrical Methods 2709 73.3 Optical Methods
2717 73.4 Mass Sensors 2722 73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724
References 2724 Index 2727
Electrical Engineering 1943 54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945 Cecil S.
Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles 54.1
Introduction, 1945 54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic
Aperture Radar Systems, 1965 54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974
References, 1997 55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect
2001 Byung I. Kim 55.1 Introduction, 2001 55.2 Experiment 2004 55.3 Results
and Discussion 2006 55.4 Conclusion 2020 References 2021 56 Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy 2025 Kwok-Wai Ng 56.1 Introduction 2025 56.2 Theory of
Operation 2026 56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 2030 56.4 The Scanner
2032 56.5 Operating Mode 2035 56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 2036 56.7
Summary 2041 References 2042 57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043 John D.
Bullough 57.1 Introduction 2043 57.2 Lighting Terminology 2043 57.3 Basic
Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 2056 57.4 Instrumentation 2072
References 2074 58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075
Clair J. Sullivan 58.1 Introduction 2075 58.2 Common Interactions of
Ionizing Radiation 2076 58.3 The Measurement of Charge 2077 58.4 Major
Types of Detectors 2081 58.5 Neutron Detection 2100 58.6 Concluding Remarks
2106 References 2106 59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109 Judah
Levine 59.1 Introduction 2109 59.2 A Generic Clock 2109 59.3 Characterizing
the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 2110 59.4 Characteristics of
Different Types of Oscillators 2117 59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators
2119 59.6 Noise Models 2121 59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 2126 59.8
Measurement Strategies 2129 59.9 The Kalman Estimator 2133 59.10
Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 2135 59.11 Examples of the
Measurement Strategies 2141 59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS
2141 59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 2152
59.13 Error Detection 2155 59.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis 2156 59.15 The
National Time Scale 2157 59.16 Traceability 2158 59.17 Summary 2159 59.18
Bibliography 2160 References 2160 60 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
2163 Charles D. Hoyle Jr. 60.1 Introduction 2163 60.2 Motivation for
Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 2164 60.3 Parameterization
2165 60.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements
2166 60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 2167 60.6 Microoscillators and
Submicron Tests of Gravity 2177 60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques
2178 Acknowledgements 2178 References 2178 61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181
Ray Radebaugh 61.1 Introduction 2181 61.2 Temperature 2182 61.3 Strain 2201
61.4 Pressure 2205 61.5 Flow 2211 61.6 Liquid Level 2218 61.7 Magnetic
Field 2219 61.8 Conclusions 2220 References 2220 62 Temperature-Dependent
Fluorescence Measurements 2225 James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W.
Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere 62.1
Introduction 2225 62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 2227 62.3 Theory
and Background 2227 62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 2235 62.5
History of Phosphor Thermometry 2238 62.6 Representative Measurement
Applications 2239 62.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature
Measurement 2241 62.8 Conclusion 2243 References 2243 63 Voltage and
Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245 Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci
63.1 Introduction 2245 63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current
Transducers 2247 63.3 Instrument Transformers 2248 63.4 Transducers Based
on Passive Components 2255 63.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers 2258
63.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 2262 63.7 Optical Current
and Voltage Transducers 2267 References and Further Reading 2273 64
Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275 Alessandro Ferrero and Marco
Faifer 64.1 Introduction 2275 64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
2276 64.3 Measurement Methods 2282 64.4 Wattmeters 2288 64.5 Transducers
2290 64.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303 References 2305 Part VIII
CHEMISTRY 2307 65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and
Measurement Sciences 2309 Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad 65.1
Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 2309 65.2 Representative
Data 2311 65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 2317 65.4 Multivariate Regression
2352 65.5 Multivariate Classification 2369 65.6 Techniques for Validating
Chemometric Models 2385 65.7 An Introduction to Mspc 2389 65.8 Terminology
2397 65.9 Chapter Summary 2401 References 2404 66 Liquid Chromatography
2409 Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria
Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage 66.1
Introduction 2409 66.2 Support Materials in Lc 2412 66.3 Role of the Mobile
Phase in Lc 2413 66.4 Adsorption Chromatography 2414 66.5 Partition
Chromatography 2415 66.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 2417 66.7
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 2419 66.8 Affinity Chromatography 2421 66.9
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 2423 66.10 Other Components of Lc
Systems 2426 Acknowledgements 2427 References 2427 67 Mass Spectroscopy
Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431 Xianquan Zhan and
Dominic M. Desiderio 67.1 Introduction 2431 67.2 Mass Spectrometric
Characteristics of Nitropeptides 2434 67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro
Synthetic Nitroproteins 2443 67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins
2446 67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological
Conditions 2449 67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 2456
67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 2462 67.8 Conclusions 2463
Nomenclature 2464 Acknowledgments 2465 References 2465 68 Fluorescence
Spectroscopy 2475 Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri 68.1 Observables
Measured in Fluorescence 2476 68.2 The Perrin-JabBonski Diagram 2476 68.3
Instrumentation 2479 68.4 Fluorophores 2486 68.5 Measurements 2487 68.6
Conclusions 2498 References 2498 Further Reading 2498 69 X-Ray Absorption
Spectroscopy 2499 Grant Bunker 69.1 Introduction 2499 69.2 Basic Physics of
X-Rays 2499 69.3 Experimental Requirements 2505 69.4 Measurement Modes 2507
69.5 Sources 2507 69.6 Beamlines 2512 69.7 Detectors 2518 69.8 Sample
Preparation and Detection Modes 2521 69.9 Absolute Measurements 2526
References 2526 70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529
Kenneth R. Metz 70.1 Introduction 2529 70.2 Historical Review 2530 70.3
Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 2531 70.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal
2534 70.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 2538 70.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum
2540 70.7 Nmr Instrumentation 2542 70.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment
2550 70.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 2551 70.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects
2563 70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 2568 70.12 Multidimensional Nmr 2573
70.13 Conclusion 2580 References 2580 71 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its
Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583 Brad Swarbrick 71.1
Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 2583
71.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 2588 71.3 Instrumentation for Nir
Spectroscopy 2595 71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation
in Nir Spectroscopy 2609 71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric
Analysis 2620 71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy
2633 71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 2647 71.8 Terminology 2648
References 2652 72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657 Paul J. Simmonds 72.1
Introduction 2657 72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 2660 72.3 Nanomaterial
Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio 2661 72.4
Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 2674 72.5
Conclusions 2695 References 2695 73 Chemical Sensing 2707 W. Rudolf Seitz
73.1 Introduction 2707 73.2 Electrical Methods 2709 73.3 Optical Methods
2717 73.4 Mass Sensors 2722 73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724
References 2724 Index 2727