Hari Singh Nalwa (ed.)

Handbook of Thin Films

Herausgeber: Nalwa, Hari Singh

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This five-volume handbook focuses on processing techniques, characterization methods, and physical properties of thin films (thin layers of insulating, conducting, or semiconductor material). The editor has composed five separate, thematic volumes on thin films of metals, semimetals, glasses, ceramics, alloys, organics, diamonds, graphites, porous materials, noncrystalline solids, supramolecules, polymers, copolymers, biopolymers, composites, blends, activated carbons, intermetallics, chalcogenides, dyes, pigments, nanostructured materials, biomaterials, inorganic/polymer composites, organoceramics, metallocenes, disordered systems, liquid crystals, quasicrystals, and layered structures. Thin films is a field of the utmost importance in today's materials science, electrical engineering and applied solid state physics; with both research and industrial applications in microelectronics, computer manufacturing, and physical devices. Advanced, high-performance computers, high-definition TV, digital camcorders, sensitive broadband imaging systems, flat-panel displays, robotic systems, and medical electronics and diagnostics are but a few examples of miniaturized device technologies that depend the utilization of thin film materials. The Handbook of Thin Films Materials is a comprehensive reference focusing on processing techniques, characterization methods, and physical properties of these thin film materials.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Elsevier Science
• Seitenzahl: 3451
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Oktober 2001
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 292mm x 235mm x 210mm
• Gewicht: 9866g
• ISBN-13: 9780125129084
• ISBN-10: 0125129084
• Artikelnr.: 22176855

Autorenporträt

Dr. H. S. Nalwa is the Managing Director of the Stanford Scientific Corporation, Los Angeles, California. He was Head of Department and R&D Manager at the Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation in Los Angeles (1999-2000) and a staff scientist at the Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Japan (1990-1999). He has authored more than 150 scientific articles and 18 patents on electronic and photonic materials and devices. He has edited the following books: Ferroelectric Polymers (Marcel Dekker, 1995), Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers (CRC Press, 1997), Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices (Gordon & Breach, 1997), Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, Vol. 1-4 (John Wiley & Sons, 1997), Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials Vol. 1-2 (Academic Press, 1999), Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Vol. 1-5 (Academic Press, 1999), Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, Vol. 1-10 (Academic Press, 2000), Advanced Functional Molecules and Polymers, Vol. 1-4 (Gordon & Breach, 2001), Photodetectors and Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 2001), Supramolecular Photosensitive and Electroactive Materials (Academic Press, 2001), Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology (Academic Press, 2001), Handbook of Thin Film Materials, Vol. 1-5 (Academic Press, 2001), and Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Vol. 1-5 (Academic Press, 2001). The Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology (Vol. 1-5) edited by him received the 1999 Award of Excellence from the Association of American Publishers.Dr. Nalwa serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Macromolecular Science-Physics, Applied Organometallic Chemistry (1993-1999), International Journal of Photoenergy,andPhotonics Science News. He was the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines published by John Wiley & Sons (1997-2000). Dr. Nalwa is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), American Physical Society (APS), Materials Research Society (MRS), Electrochemical Society (ECS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. Nalwa has been cited in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in the World.

Inhaltsangabe

Chapter 1. NANOIMPRINT TECHNIQUES Hella-C. Scheer, Hubert Schulz, Thomas
Hoffmann, Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres 1. Introduction 1.1. Current
Lithography Situation 1.2. Emerging Imprint-Based Lithography Concepts:
Basic Ideas and Expected Advantages 1.3. Overview of Imprint-Based
Techniques and Nomenclature 1.4. This Chapter 2. Hot-Embossing Lithography
2.1. History of Classical Hot Embossing 2.2. Principle of Hot-Embossing
Lithography 2.3. Fundamental Achievements 2.4. Imprint Systems Used for Hot
Embossing 2.5. Processing Details 2.6. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers
2.7. Fundamental Process Challenges 2.8. Hot Embossing in a Multilevel,
Multilayer, or Multistep Lithography Sequence 2.9. Room Temperature
Embossing of Polymers 2.10. Self-Assembly and Wafer-Scale Embossing 2.11.
Combining Hot Embossing with Other Lithography Concepts 3. Mold-Assisted
Lithography 3.1. Principle of Mold-Assisted Lithography 3.2. Material
Issues 3.3. Achieved Patterns 3.4. Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography 3.5.
Optical Lithography and Mold-Assisted Lithography 4. Microcontact Printing
4.1. Principle of Microcontact Printing 4.2. Material Issues 4.3. Achieved
Pattems 4.4. Curved Substrates and Stamps and Large Area Printing 4.5.
Related Soft-Contact Techniques 4.6. Optical Lithography with PDMS Stamps
and Patterned Polymers 5. Masters, Stamps, and Molds 5.1. Master
Fabrication 5.2. Replicated Stamps 5.3. Stamp Wear 6. Sticking Challenge
6.1. Physics of Adhesion 6.2. Antisticking Layers 6.3. Wear and Lifetime 7.
Applications 7.1. Data Storage 7.2. Electronic Devices 7.3. Photodetectors
and Light Emitters 7.4. Gratings and Integrated Optics 7.5. Biosensors
Perspectives Acknowledgments References
Chapter 2.
THE ENERGY GAP OF CLUSTERS, NANOPARTICLES, AND QUANTUM DOTS Klaus Sattler
1. Introduction 2. Experimental Techniques 2.1. Optical Spectroscopy 2.2.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 3. Theory 3.1. Methods and Results for
Metal Clusters 3.2. Methods and Results for Semiconductor Clusters 4.
Metals 4.1. Alkali Metal Clusters 4.2. Noble and Transition Metal Clusters
4.3. Divalent Metal Clusters 5. Semiconductors 5.1. Binary Semiconductor
Nanocrystals 5.2. Silicon and Germanium Clusters 6. Unpassivated Silicon
Particles 6.1. Particle Preparation 6.2. Gap Measurement of Si Particles by
STS 6.3. Coulomb Blockade of Si Particles 7. Passivated Silicon Particles
7.1. Pristine versus Passivated Silicon Clusters 7.2. Energy Gap Studies of
H-Passivated Si Particles 8. Nanowires of Silicon 8.1. Nanowires with
Various Geometries 8.2. Fullerene-Structured Si Nanowires 9. Carbon
Particles 9.1. Electronic Structure of Carbon Particles 9.2. Bandgap
Studies of Carbon Particles Thin Films of Particles 10.1. Formation and
Properties 10.2. Bandgap Studies of Si Particle Films 11. Applications
11.1. Photonic Devices 11.2. Cluster-Assembled Materials 11.3.
Nanolithography References Chapter 2. 10. THE ENERGY GAP OF CLUSTERS,
NANOPARTICLES, AND QUANTUM DOTS Klaus Sattler 1. Introduction 2.
Experimental Techniques 2.1. Optical Spectroscopy 2.2. Scanning Tunneling
Spectroscopy 3. Theory 3.1. Methods and Results for Metal Clusters 3.2.
Methods and Results for Semiconductor Clusters 4. Metals 4.1. Alkali Metal
Clusters 4.2. Noble and Transition Metal Clusters 4.3. Divalent Metal
Clusters 5. Semiconductors 5.1. Binary Semiconductor Nanocrystals 5.2.
Silicon and Germanium Clusters 6. Unpassivated Silicon Particles 6.1.
Particle Preparation 6.2. Gap Measurement of Si Particles by STS 6.3.
Coulomb Blockade of Si Particles 7. Passivated Silicon Particles 7.1.
Pristine versus Passivated Silicon Clusters 7.2. Energy Gap Studies of
H-Passivated Si Particles 8. Nanowires of Silicon 8.1. Nanowires with
Various Geometries 8.2. Fullerene-Structured Si Nanowires 9. Carbon
Particles 9.1. Electronic Structure of Carbon Particles 9.2. Bandgap
Studies of Carbon Particles Thin Films of Particles 10.1. Formation and
Properties 10.2. Bandgap Studies of Si Particle Films 11. Applications
11.1. Photonic Devices 11.2. Cluster-Assembled Materials 11.3.
Nanolithography References
Chapter 3. ELECTRONIC STATES IN GaAs-AIAs SHORT-PERIOD SUPERLATTICES:
ENERGY LEVELS AND SYMMETRY Jian-Bai Xia, Weikun Ge 1. Introduction 2.
Symmetry of Short-Period Superlattices 3. Photoluminescence and
Photoluminescence Excitation Spectra of Short-Period Superlattices 4. Time
Decay and Temperature Dependence of Photoluminescence and Photoluminescence
Excitation Spectra 5. Photoluminescence Spectrum under Hydrostatic Pressure
6. Short-Period Superlattices in Externally Applied Fields 7.
Ultra-Short-Period Superlattices 8. Other Experimental Methods and Other
Oriented Short-Period Superlattices 9. Theoretical Research 10. Application
of Short-Period Superlattices 11. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter
4. SPIN WAVES IN THIN FILMS, SUPERLATTICES AND MULTILAYERS Zhang Zhi-Dong
1. General Introduction 2. Spin Waves in Thin Films 2.1. Introduction 2.2.
Macroscopic Phenomenological Theories 2.3. Quantum Microscopic Theories 3.
Spin Waves in Superlattices and Multilayers 3.1. Introduction 3.2.
Macroscopic Phenomenological Theories 3.3. Quantum Microscopic Theories 4.
Discussion 5. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 5.
QUANTUM WELL INTERFERENCE IN DOUBLE QUANTUM WELLS Zhang Zhi-Dong 1.
Introduction 2. Single Quantum Wells 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Infinitely Deep
Wells 2.3. Finitely Deep Eells 2.4. Effect of Vacuum 3. Mechanisms for
Exchange Coupling 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Total Energy Calculations 3.3.
RKKY Model 3.4. Free Electron Model 3.5. Hole Confinement Model 3.6. The
Anderson Model 3.7. Quantum Well Model 4. Symmetric Double Quantum Wells:
Bound States 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Model and Analytical Results 5.
Symmetric Double Quantum Wells: Resonant Scattering States 5.1.
Introduction 5.2. Model and Analytical Results 5.3. Numerical Results 6.
Asymmetric Double Quantum Well Cu/Co/Ni/Co(100) 6.1. Introduction 6.2.
Model and Analytical Results 6.3. Numerical Results 6.4. The Quantization
Condition 6.5. The Special Feature of the Probabilities 7. Asymmetric
Double Quantum Wells Cu/Ni/Cu/Co(100) and Cu/Co/Cu/Co(100) 7.1.
Introduction 7.2. Model and Analytical Results 7.3. Numerical Results
Discussion 8.1. Advantages and Limitations of the Model 8.2. Quantum Well
Effects and Exchange Coupling 8.3. Related Topics Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E
Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H References Chapter 6. ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
Rodrigo A. Rosas, Rafd Riera, Jos6 L. Marfn, Germdn Campoy 1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials 1.2.
Classification of the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials 2.
Methods of Synthesis and Fabrication of Quasi-Two-Dimensional
Nanostructured Materials 2.1. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 2.2. Metal-Organic
Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.3. Lithography 2.4. Other Techniques 3.
Electronic States of the Idealized Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured
Materials 3.1. Single Heterostructure 3.2. Double Heterostructure or Single
Quantum Well 3.3. Symmetric Square Double Wells: Tunneling Coupling between
Wells 3.4. Superlattices 3.5. Idealized Q2D Systems when the SchrOdinger
Equation that Characterizes the Problem is Nonseparable 4. Quasi-Particle
States in the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Structures 4.1. Envelope Function
Approximation 4.2. Envelope Function Description of Quasi-Particle States
for Q2D Systems 4.3. Excitonic States in Q2D Semiconductors 4.4. Band
Structure on Realistic Q2D Nanostructures 5. Effect of Static External
Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Quasi-Particle Energy Levels in the Q2D
Systems 5.1. Stark Effect in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Structures 5.2. Effect
of Static External Magnetic Field on the Quasi-Particle Energy Levels in
the Q2D Structures 6. Dynamics of the Lattice in Q2D Systems: Phonons and
Electron-Phonon Interactions 6.1. Lattice Oscillations 6.2. Concept of
Phonons 6.3. Phenomenological Models for Long Wavelength Polar Optical
Modes in Q2D Systems 6.4. Analysis of the Phenomenological Models for Long
Wavelength Polar Optical Modes in a Semiconductor Layered System 6.5.
Polaron Properties in a Semiconductor Q2D Nanostructure 7. Theory of
Quantum Transport in Q2D Systems 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Electrical
Conductivity in the Free Directions of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gas
7.3. Quantum Transport in the Confinement Direction in a
Quasi-Two-Dimensional System: Vertical Transport 7.4. Magnetoconductivity
of a Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gas 7.5. Magnetic Field Dependence of
Oxy: Quantized Hall Effect 8. Optical Properties of Q2D Nanostructured
Materials 8.1. Absorption (One Electron Approximation) in Q2D Systems 8.2.
Absorption: A Simplified Description of Excitonic Effects 8.3.
Photoluminescence 9. Electron Raman Scattering in Q2D Systems 9.1. Model
and Applied Theory 9.2. Electron Raman Scattering in a Quantum Well 9.3.
Resonant Raman Scattering in Quantum Wells in High Magnetic Fields:
Fr/3hlich and Deformation Potential Interaction 10. Physical Effects of
Impurity States and Atomic Systems Confined in Q2D Nanostructured Materials
10.1. Hydrogenic Impurity in Quasi-Two Dimensional Systems References
Chapter 7. MAGNETISM OF NANOPHASE COMPOSITE FILMS D. J. Sellmyer, C. P Luo,
Y Qiang, J. P Liu 1. Introduction and Scope 2. Nanocomposite Thin Films
2.1. Introduction 2.2. Fabrication Methods of Nanocomposite Thin Films 2.3.
Theoretical Background 2.4. Structure and Properties of Magnetic
Nanocomposites 3. Cluster-Assembled Thin Films 3.1. Introduction 3.2.
Cluster Formation, Size Distribution, and Deposition Techniques 3.3.
Cluster-Assembled Magnetic Films 3.4. Summary 4. Exchange-Coupled
Nanocomposite Hard Magnetic Films 4.1. CoSm/FeCo Bilayers 4.2. Epitaxial
CoSm/Fe (or Co) Multilayers 4.3. Rapid Thermally Processed Nanocomposite
Films 5. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 8. THIN
MAGNETIC FILMS Hans Hauser, Rupert Chabicovsky, Karl Riedling 1. Magnetism
Overview 1.1. Magnetic Quantities and Units 1.2. Magnetic States of Matter
1.3. Magnetic Materials for Applications 2. Magnetism of Thin Films 2.1.
Magnetic Structure 2.2. Coherent Rotation of Magnetization 2.3. Surface
Anisotropy and Interface Anisotropy 2.4. Exchange Anisotropy 2.5. Domain
and Domain Wall Configuration 2.6. Magnetization Reversal 3. Magnetic Film
Characterization 3.1. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer 3.2. Magneto-Optical
Methods 3.3. Magnetic Force Microscopy 3.4. Transmission Electron
Microscopy 4. Magnetic Thin Film Processing 4.1. Deposition of Magnetic
Thin Films 4.2. Dry Etching of Magnetic Thin Films 5. Applications of
Magnetic Thin Films 5.1. Magnetic Sensors 5.2. Magnetic Microactuators 5.3.
Micro-Inductors with a Closed Ferromagnetic Core 5.4. Magnetic Data Storage
Acknowledgments References Chapter 9. MAGNETOTRANSPORT EFFECTS IN
SEMICONDUCTORS Nicola Pinto, Roberto Murri, Marian Nowak Notation 1.
Introduction 2. Influence of Magnetic Field on Equilibrium Carrier Density
in Semiconductors 2.1. Effects Caused by High-Intensity Magnetic Fields
2.2. Fermi Level at High Magnetic Field 2.3. Fermi-Level Dependence on
Impurity Concentration 2.4. Basic Equation of Charge Carrier Motion in
Electric and Magnetic Fields 2.5. The Conductivity Tensor 2.6. Scattering
Mechanisms of Charge Carriers in Semiconductors 2.7. Hot Electron Effects
2.8. Cyclotron Resonance 3. Hall and Galvanomagnetic Effects 3.1. Hall
Effect 3.2. Galvanomagnetic Effects 3.3. Generalized Definition of the Hall
Coefficients 4. Magnetoresistance 4.1. Transverse Magnetoresistance Effect
4.2. Longitudinal Magnetoresistance Effect 4.3. Behavior of Typical
Semiconductors 5. Quantum Effects in Large Magnetic Fields 5.1.
Shubnikov--de Haas Oscillation 5.2. Freeze-Out Effects 5.3. Magnetophonon
Effect 6. Magnetotransport in Low-Dimensional Systems and in
Heterostructures 6.1. Magnetotransport in Two-Dimensional Systems at Low
Fields 6.2. Magnetotransport in One-Dimensional Systems at Low Fields 6.3.
Low-Dimensional Systems in High Magnetic Fields 6.4. Mobility and
Scattering Mechanisms in Two-Dimensional Systems 6.5. Quantized Hall Effect
7. Experimental Techniques 7.1. Resistivity of Samples with Ohmic Contacts
7.2. Galvanomagnetic Effects 7.3. Inhomogeneity and Effective Sample
Thickness 7.4. The Hall Scattering Factor 7.5. Magnetoresistance and the
Measure of Carder Density 7.6. The Characterization of High-Resistivity
Materials 7.7. Nonuniform Material 7.8. Experimental Configurations
References Chapter 10. THIN FILMS FOR HIGH-DENSITY MAGNETIC RECORDING
Genhua Pan 1. Instruments for Magnetic Measurement 1.1. B H and MH Loop
Measurement 1.2. Magnetoresistance Measurement: Four-Point Probe Method
1.3. Schematic Frequency Permeameter 2. Basic Principles of Magnetic
Recording 2.1. The Write/Read Process 2.2. Write Field of Recording Heads
2.3. Written Magnetization Transition in a Recording Medium 3. Thin Film
Recording Media 3.1. Physical Limits of High-Density Recording Media 3.2.
Considerations of Medium Design 3.3. Preparations of Recording Media 3.4.
Characterization of Recording Media 4. Thin Films for Replay Heads 4.1.
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Films 4.2. Giant Magnetoresistance Films 4.3.
Properties of Exchange-Biased Spin-Valve Films 4.4. Spin-Valve Head
Engineering 5. Films for Write Heads 5.1. Basics of Soft Magnetic Films for
Writers 5.2. Basics of Thin Film Writers 5.3. Magnetic Domain
Configurations in Film Heads 5.4. Soft Magnetic Films for Writers
Acknowledgment References Chapter 11. NUCLEAR RESONANCE IN MAGNETIC THIN
FILMS AND MULTILAYERS Mircea Serban Rogalski 1. Introduction 2. Principles
of Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy 3. Hyperline Interactions and Nuclear
Resonance Spectra in Thin Solid Films 4. Experimental Techniques for Thin
Film Characterization 5. Nuclear Resonance Study of Metallic Multilayers 6.
Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy in Amorphous, Nanostructured, and Granular
Films 7. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 12. MAGNETIC
CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING THIN FILMS M. R. Koblischka 1.
Introduction 2. Local and Integral Magnetization Measurements 2.1. Other
Local Techniques 2.2. Samples Used in This Study 2.3. Magneto-Optic Flux
Visualization 2.4. Magnetization Measurements 2.5. AC Susceptibility
Measurements 2.6. Magnetotransport 3. Theoretical Description of the Ideal
Flux Patterns 3.1. Infinitely Long Strip 3.2. Other Sample Geometries 3.3.
Current-Induced Flux Patterns 3.4. Magnetization Loop of a YBCO Thin Film
3.5. Flux Patterns after Field Cooling 3.6. Current Flow Reconstruction 4.
Flux Patterns Around Defects and Special Magneto-Optic Experiments 4.1.
Flux Creep Experiments 4.2. Visualization of Meissner Currents 4.3. Flux
Patterns of a Superconducting Bend 4.4. Analysis of Flux Patterns in the
Presence of Defects 4.5. Grain Boundary Studies 4.6. Large Thin Film
Samples 4.7. Current Flow in Samples with Variation of Current Density 4.8.
Sample for Modeling Properties of Bi-2223 Tapes 4.9. Thick Superconducting
Films 4.10. Magneto-Optic Studies with High Time Resolution 5.
Magnetization Measurements 5.1. Magnetization Measurements of
Superconducting Thin Films 5.2. Flux Pinning in Thin Films 5.3. Virtual
Additive Moments 5.4. Flux Creep Measurements 6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments References Index