This book was written and compiled over a 3 year period, between 2015-2018. The researcher sought to investigate the handling of healthcare waste in selected rural hospitals in the OR Tambo Region found in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The book was compiled through the assistance of Walter Sisulu Univ., The National Research Foundation, and the Department of Health who gave permission for access to its hospitals. The finding of the book have been presented at least at one international research conference, one local conference and at Departmental symposiums. I would like to thank the entire Natural Sciences Department, the HOD, the lecturers and fellow students, for providing criticism and pointers during seminars where this study was presented both in the initial and latter phases. I will forever be grateful for the support system, willingness to assist and providing an enabling environment in which to work. This book is dedicated to my loving mother Thobeka FeliciaNombembe, daughter Uhlume, and Ndalo, I would not have been able to get through the challenges that one faces throughout their academia without your prayers, continuous support and always believing in me