There is an underestimation of HBV in most surveys when they depend on HBsAg screening only. Usage of the polymerase chain reaction of HBV- DNA for better evaluation. HBV emerges as an important risk factor for HCC, in Egypt suspected to be mainly induced by HCV co-infection. HCC is the sequelae of multiple risks in spite of the importance of HBV and HCV co-infection and occult HBV(potential risks) in the process of pathogenesis
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