This book is a collection of articles arising from the presentations of historians and musicologists who participated in the event "History and Music: dialogues and challenges" held in September 2019 at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The meeting was an initiative of historian Luciana Pessanha Fagundes, a postdoctoral fellow at the Graduate Program in Social History (PPGHIS) at UFRJ, and was collaborated by professors Marcos Bretas (PPGHIS/UFRJ) and Antonio Augusto (EM/UFRJ). The idea was to gather historians and musicologists whose work was emblematic of the challenges inherent in the confluence between history and music. The debate tables had the following themes: "Popular sonorities and construction of identities" and "Trajectories of musicology and history in biographies and diaries". Last but not least, this collection is dedicated to our friend, Antonio Augusto, who left us in February 2020. Kind and generous, excellent researcher, dedicated teacher and illustrious musician.