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The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Middle Ages. It was widely regarded as a branch of philosophy until the middle of the 19th century, when psychology developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany. Psychology borders on various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, as well as philosophy and other components of the humanities. Philosophical interest in the general set of phenomena currently organized in the West under the label "psychology" dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India. These earlier forms of inquiry began adopting what would now be recognized as a more clinical and experimental approach under medieval Muslim psychologists and physicians, whose practitioners built what we would today recognize as psychiatric hospitals.