Christopher Thao Vang

Hmong Refugees in the New World

Culture, Community and Opportunity

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Almost no one in the West had heard of the Hmong before National Geographic ran a cover story on the Southeast Asian ethnic group that had allied with the United States in the Vietnam War, and few knew of them before their arrival in the U.S. and other Western nations in 1975. Originating in China centuries ago, they have been known by various names--Miao, Meo, Miaozi, Meng or San Miao--some of them derogatory. The Hmong in the West are war-displaced refugees from China and Laos, though they have been misidentified as belonging to other ethnic groups. This mislabeling has caused confusion about the Hmong and their history. This book details the history of the Hmong and their journey from Eastern to Western countries, providing a clear understanding of an immigrant culture little understood by the American public. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: McFarland
• Seitenzahl: 476
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Februar 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 887g
• ISBN-13: 9781476662169
• ISBN-10: 1476662169
• Artikelnr.: 42952556

Autorenporträt

Christopher Thao Vang is a professor of teacher education at California State University, Stanislaus in Turlock, California. He lives in Fresno.

Inhaltsangabe

Table of Contents Acknowledgments Foreword by Gregory S. Goodman Preface Part I: History of the Hmong People One.¿Brief History of the Hmong Introduction 9
Hmong Origins 9
The Hmong and the Miao 12
The Hmong Prior to the Imperial Xia 13
The Hmong and ChiYou 14
The Hmong and the San Miao 15
The Hmong and Chinese Dynasties 16
Hmong Settlement in Indochina 27
The Hmong and French Colonial Policy 30
The Hmong and the Japanese War 36
The Hmong and the French War 36
The Hmong and the American Secret War 38
Summing Up Two. The Hmong Refugees in Diaspora Introduction 45
The Final Rescue 45
Staying Under the Communist Regime 47
Fleeing the Communist Regime 50
Crossing the Mekong River 52
Childhood Memories 54
Two Case Studies of Hmong Families 60
The Refugee Camps 64
Coming to the West 66
Second Migration in the West 70
Summing Up Three. The Hmong Today Introduction 75
Identifying Today's Hmong 75
Impact of Wars on the Hmong 79
Hmong in Western Nations 80
Hmong in Eastern Countries 83
Hmong Adjustment to Resettlement 86
Hmong Today and Beyond 91
Summing Up Part II: Hmong Culture and Traditions in the West Four. Hmong Family Structure Introduction 103
Family Composition 103
Hmong Marriage 105
Family Roles 107
Socioeconomic Status 109
Hmong Parents and Their Children 110
Motherhood, Fatherhood and Childhood 116
Hmong Social Norms 121
Family Religions 129
Summing Up Five. Hmong Cultural Values and Customs Introduction 132
Values, Norms, and Customs 132
The Patriarchal System 133
Family Ancestral Origins 135
Hmong Clans 138
Hmong Ecological System 140
Respecting Parents and Elders 140
Hmong Social Behaviors 141
Hmong Humility and Proper Manners 143
Hmong Kinship and Relatives 144
Hmong Social Greetings 146
Hmong Hospitality 147
Hmong Courtship and Dating in the U.S. 149
Roles of Daughters-in-Law 150
Roles of Sons-in-Law 151
Hmong Dining Etiquette 151
Hmong Social Drinking 153
Hmong Cultural Maintenance 155
Summing Up Six. Hmong Traditions and Religious Practices Introduction 157
Belief Systems 157
Traditional New Year's Celebrations 160
New Year Kowtowing Tradition 163
Hmong New Year in the West 164
Traditional Religious Practices 165
Seldom-Used Rituals and Antiquated Practices 177
Old Rituals and Practices 177
New Crop Rituals 179
Name Changing Ritual 180
Household Spirits 183
Home Restriction Ritual 184
Maternity and Postpartum Practices 185
Superstitions and Taboos 186
Summing Up Seven. Hmong Marriage and Wedding Practices Introduction 190
Origins 190
Variations in Marital Practices 191
Marital Restrictions and Taboos 192
Honoring Traditions Honors Families 193
The Right Time for Marriage 194
Types of Marriages 195
Types of Weddings 198
Marital Notification 200
Bride Price and Dowry 201
Marital Kowtowing Customs 203
Marital Food Basket 205
Marital Umbrella 206
Wedding Songs 206
Marital Manners and Conduct 208
Common Marital Penalties 209
Marital Crews 209
Drinking Formalities 211
Wedding Progression 212
Polygamy Is Not a Hmong Tradition 219
Summing Up Eight. Hmong Funeral Services and Practices Introduction 221
Origins of Funeral Practices 221
Birth and Predestination 223
Concepts of Heaven and Hell 225
Hmong Response to Death 226
Funeral Service Expenses 227
Funeral Service Preparation 229
Sacrificial Animals 232
Death Chants and Songs 234
Funeral Instruments 235
The Days of the Funeral Service 237
Soul Release Ritual 248
Summing Up Part III: Hmong Oral Traditions and Written Languages Nine. Hmong Oral Traditions Introduction 251
Hmong Languages in Colors 251
History of Hmong Oral Languages 252
Hmong Language Learning 253
Hmong Oral Tradition 254
Hidden Stories in Pa Ndau 268
History of Wars 271
Emphasis on Oral Language Skills 281
Oral Language Competency 282
Summing Up Ten. Hmong Linguistics and Writing Systems Introduction 286
Origin of Hmong Languages 286
Roots of Hmong Written Language 288
Hmong Written Languages Today 291
Changing Usage and Unified Language 294
Hmong Grammar and Subsystems 297
Summing Up Part IV: Hmong Challenges, Opportunities and Successes Eleven. Hmong in Public Education Introduction 315
Hmong Perceptions of U.S. Education 316
U.S. Educators' Perceptions of Hmong Students 317
Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Academic Performance 321
School Practices and Academic Performance 322
Hmong Parents and Children's Academic Performance 324
Gender and Educational Opportunity 326
Parental Support and Academic Performance 327
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Performance 329
Place of Birth and Academic Performance 330
Hmong Primary Language Issues 332
Age and English Language Learning 334
Residency and Academic Achievement 335
Hmong Academic Progress in the U.S. 336
Hmong School Dropout 343
Future Trends 344
Suggestions for Future Studies on Hmong Students 346
Summing Up Twelve. The State of the Hmong Community Introduction 349
Hmong Community Structure Prior to Living in the West 349
Western Hmong Community Establishment 352
Hmong Community Social Structure 354
The U.S. Hmong Population 361
Hmong Citizenship and Naturalization 363
Ages of Hmong Americans 363
Hmong Refugees with Disabilities 366
Hmong Healthcare 369
Hmong Employment and Occupations 371
Hmong Family Income 374
Hmong Refugees Living in Poverty 375
Hmong Home Ownership 375
Hmong Household and Marital Status 377
Hmong Social Media 379
Summing Up Part V: Hmong Leadership and the Journey Forward Thirteen. Hmong Leaders and Leadership Introduction 383
Hmong Leaders in China 383
Hmong Leaders in Laos 386
Lo Blia Yao 394
Touby Lyfong 396
General Vang Pao 397
Hmong Leaders in the West 402
Why No Successor Named 407
Hmong Need New Leaders 408
Educated and Elected Hmong Individuals 415
The Next Hmong Leaders 416
Summing Up Fourteen. The Hmong Journey Forward Introduction 419
Hmong and Their Community 420
Hmong and Their Cultural Heritage 435
Hmong and Their Children's Education 444
Hmong and Their Physical and Spiritual Health 446
Hmong and Their Transnational Politics 449
Hmong and Their Formidable Future 451
Summing Up Bibliography Index