Behind every web transaction lies the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - the language of web browsers and servers, of portals and search engines, of e-commerce and web services. Understanding HTTP is essential for practically all web-based programming, design, analysis, and administration. While the basics of HTTP are elegantly simple, the protocol's advanced features are notoriously confusing, because they knit together complex technologies and terminology from many disciplines. This book clearly explains HTTP and these interrelated core technologies, in twenty-one logically organized…mehr
Behind every web transaction lies the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - the language of web browsers and servers, of portals and search engines, of e-commerce and web services. Understanding HTTP is essential for practically all web-based programming, design, analysis, and administration. While the basics of HTTP are elegantly simple, the protocol's advanced features are notoriously confusing, because they knit together complex technologies and terminology from many disciplines. This book clearly explains HTTP and these interrelated core technologies, in twenty-one logically organized chapters, backed up by hundreds of detailed illustrations and examples, and convenient reference appendices. HTTP: The Definitive Guide explains everything people need to use HTTP efficiently -- including the "black arts" and "tricks of the trade" -- in a concise and readable manner. In addition to explaining the basic HTTP features, syntax and guidelines, this book clarifies related, but often misunderstood topics, such as: TCP connection management, web proxy and cache architectures, web robots and robots.txt files, Basic and Digest authentication, secure HTTP transactions, entity body processing, internationalized content, and traffic redirection. Many technical professionals will benefit from this book. Internet architects and developers who need to design and develop software, IT professionals who need to understand Internet architectural components and interactions, multimedia designers who need to publish and host multimedia, performance engineers who need to optimize web performance, technical marketing professionals who need a clear picture of core web architectures and protocols, as well as untold numbers of students and hobbyists will all benefit from the knowledge packed in this volume. There are many books that explain how to use the Web, but this is the one that explains how the Web works. Written by experts with years of design and implementation experience, this book is the definitive technical bible that describes the "why" and the "how" of HTTP and web core technologies. HTTP: The Definitive Guide is an essential reference that no technically-inclined member of the Internet community should be without.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
is the Chief Technology Officer of Endeca, where he leads the research and development of Endeca's knowledge navigation products. Prior to working at Endeca, David designed and developed core components of Inktomi's Internet-scale search database and was a senior developer of Inktomi's web caching products. David earned a B.A.in Computer Science from the University of California at Berkeley. was a member of Inktomi Corporation's founding engineering team, and served as Inktomi's Vice President of R&D where he co-developed Inktomi's search engine database, and led the development of Inktomi's web caching and streaming media technologies. Formerly, he was a scientist at Silicon Graphics and at Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group. Brian Totty has received several awards for research and teaching excellence, and holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and a B.S. in Computer Science from M.I.T.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface Running Example: Joe's Hardware Store Chapter-by-Chapter Guide Typographic Conventions Comments and Questions Acknowledgments Part I: HTTP: The Web's Foundation Chapter 1: Overview of HTTP 1.1 HTTP: The Internet's Multimedia Courier 1.2 Web Clients and Servers 1.3 Resources 1.4 Transactions 1.5 Messages 1.6 Connections 1.7 Protocol Versions 1.8 Architectural Components of the Web 1.9 The End of the Beginning 1.10 For More Information Chapter 2: URLs and Resources 2.1 Navigating the Internet's Resources 2.2 URL Syntax 2.3 URL Shortcuts 2.4 Shady Characters 2.5 A Sea of Schemes 2.6 The Future 2.7 For More Information Chapter 3: HTTP Messages 3.1 The Flow of Messages 3.2 The Parts of a Message 3.3 Methods 3.4 Status Codes 3.5 Headers 3.6 For More Information Chapter 4: Connection Management 4.1 TCP Connections 4.2 TCP Performance Considerations 4.3 HTTP Connection Handling 4.4 Parallel Connections 4.5 Persistent Connections 4.6 Pipelined Connections 4.7 The Mysteries of Connection Close 4.8 For More Information Part II: HTTP Architecture Chapter 5: Web Servers 5.1 Web Servers Come in All Shapes and Sizes 5.2 A Minimal Perl Web Server 5.3 What Real Web Servers Do 5.4 Step 1: Accepting Client Connections 5.5 Step 2: Receiving Request Messages 5.6 Step 3: Processing Requests 5.7 Step 4: Mapping and Accessing Resources 5.8 Step 5: Building Responses 5.9 Step 6: Sending Responses 5.10 Step 7: Logging 5.11 For More Information Chapter 6: Proxies 6.1 Web Intermediaries 6.2 Why Use Proxies? 6.3 Where Do Proxies Go? 6.4 Client Proxy Settings 6.5 Tricky Things About Proxy Requests 6.6 Tracing Messages 6.7 Proxy Authentication 6.8 Proxy Interoperation 6.9 For More Information Chapter 7: Caching 7.1 Redundant Data Transfers 7.2 Bandwidth Bottlenecks 7.3 Flash Crowds 7.4 Distance Delays 7.5 Hits and Misses 7.6 Cache Topologies 7.7 Cache Processing Steps 7.8 Keeping Copies Fresh 7.9 Controlling Cachability 7.10 Setting Cache Controls 7.11 Detailed Algorithms 7.12 Caches and Advertising 7.13 For More Information Chapter 8: Integration Points: Gateways, Tunnels, and Relays 8.1 Gateways 8.2 Protocol Gateways 8.3 Resource Gateways 8.4 Application Interfaces and Web Services 8.5 Tunnels 8.6 Relays 8.7 For More Information Chapter 9: Web Robots 9.1 Crawlers and Crawling 9.2 Robotic HTTP 9.3 Misbehaving Robots 9.4 Excluding Robots 9.5 Robot Etiquette 9.6 Search Engines 9.7 For More Information Chapter 10: HTTP-NG 10.1 HTTP's Growing Pains 10.2 HTTP-NG Activity 10.3 Modularize and Enhance 10.4 Distributed Objects 10.5 Layer 1: Messaging 10.6 Layer 2: Remote Invocation 10.7 Layer 3: Web Application 10.8 WebMUX 10.9 Binary Wire Protocol 10.10 Current Status 10.11 For More Information Part III: Identification, Authorization, and Security Chapter 11: Client Identification and Cookies 11.1 The Personal Touch 11.2 HTTP Headers 11.3 Client IP Address 11.4 User Login 11.5 Fat URLs 11.6 Cookies 11.7 For More Information Chapter 12: Basic Authentication 12.1 Authentication 12.2 Basic Authentication 12.3 The Security Flaws of Basic Authentication 12.4 For More Information Chapter 13: Digest Authentication 13.1 The Improvements of Digest Authentication 13.2 Digest Calculations 13.3 Quality of Protection Enhancements 13.4 Practical Considerations 13.5 Security Considerations 13.6 For More Information Chapter 14: Secure HTTP 14.1 Making HTTP Safe 14.2 Digital Cryptography 14.3 Symmetric-Key Cryptography 14.4 Public-Key Cryptography 14.5 Digital Signatures 14.6 Digital Certificates 14.7 HTTPS: The Details 14.8 A Real HTTPS Client 14.9 Tunneling Secure Traffic Through Proxies 14.10 For More Information Part IV: Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization Chapter 15: Entities and Encodings 15.1 Messages Are Crates, Entities Are Cargo 15.2 Content-Length: The Entity's Size 15.3 Entity Digests 15.4 Media Type and Charset 15.5 Content Encoding 15.6 Transfer Encoding and Chunked Encoding 15.7 Time-Varying Instances 15.8 Validators and Freshness 15.9 Range Requests 15.10 Delta Encoding 15.11 For More Information Chapter 16: Internationalization 16.1 HTTP Support for International Content 16.2 Character Sets and HTTP 16.3 Multilingual Character Encoding Primer 16.4 Language Tags and HTTP 16.5 Internationalized URIs 16.6 Other Considerations 16.7 For More Information Chapter 17: Content Negotiation and Transcoding 17.1 Content-Negotiation Techniques 17.2 Client-Driven Negotiation 17.3 Server-Driven Negotiation 17.4 Transparent Negotiation 17.5 Transcoding 17.6 Next Steps 17.7 For More Information Part V: Content Publishing and Distribution Chapter 18: Web Hosting 18.1 Hosting Services 18.2 Virtual Hosting 18.3 Making Web Sites Reliable 18.4 Making Web Sites Fast 18.5 For More Information Chapter 19: Publishing Systems 19.1 FrontPage Server Extensions for Publishing Support 19.2 WebDAV and Collaborative Authoring 19.3 For More Information Chapter 20: Redirection and Load Balancing 20.1 Why Redirect? 20.2 Where to Redirect 20.3 Overview of Redirection Protocols 20.4 General Redirection Methods 20.5 Proxy Redirection Methods 20.6 Cache Redirection Methods 20.7 Internet Cache Protocol 20.8 Cache Array Routing Protocol 20.9 Hyper Text Caching Protocol 20.10 For More Information Chapter 21: Logging and Usage Tracking 21.1 What to Log? 21.2 Log Formats 21.3 Hit Metering 21.4 A Word on Privacy 21.5 For More Information Part VI: Appendixes Appendix A: URI Schemes Appendix B: HTTP Status Codes B.1 Status Code Classifications B.2 Status Codes Appendix C: HTTP Header Reference Appendix D: MIME Types D.1 Background D.2 MIME Type Structure D.3 MIME Type IANA Registration D.4 MIME Type Tables Appendix E: Base-64 Encoding E.1 Base-64 Encoding Makes Binary Data Safe E.2 Eight Bits to Six Bits E.3 Base-64 Padding E.4 Perl Implementation E.5 For More Information Appendix F: Digest Authentication F.1 Digest WWW-Authenticate Directives F.2 Digest Authorization Directives F.3 Digest Authentication-Info Directives F.4 Reference Code Appendix G: Language Tags G.1 First Subtag Rules G.2 Second Subtag Rules G.3 IANA-Registered Language Tags G.4 ISO 639 Language Codes G.5 ISO 3166 Country Codes G.6 Language Administrative Organizations Appendix H: MIME Charset Registry H.1 MIME Charset Registry H.2 Preferred MIME Names H.3 Registered Charsets Colophon
Preface Running Example: Joe's Hardware Store Chapter-by-Chapter Guide Typographic Conventions Comments and Questions Acknowledgments Part I: HTTP: The Web's Foundation Chapter 1: Overview of HTTP 1.1 HTTP: The Internet's Multimedia Courier 1.2 Web Clients and Servers 1.3 Resources 1.4 Transactions 1.5 Messages 1.6 Connections 1.7 Protocol Versions 1.8 Architectural Components of the Web 1.9 The End of the Beginning 1.10 For More Information Chapter 2: URLs and Resources 2.1 Navigating the Internet's Resources 2.2 URL Syntax 2.3 URL Shortcuts 2.4 Shady Characters 2.5 A Sea of Schemes 2.6 The Future 2.7 For More Information Chapter 3: HTTP Messages 3.1 The Flow of Messages 3.2 The Parts of a Message 3.3 Methods 3.4 Status Codes 3.5 Headers 3.6 For More Information Chapter 4: Connection Management 4.1 TCP Connections 4.2 TCP Performance Considerations 4.3 HTTP Connection Handling 4.4 Parallel Connections 4.5 Persistent Connections 4.6 Pipelined Connections 4.7 The Mysteries of Connection Close 4.8 For More Information Part II: HTTP Architecture Chapter 5: Web Servers 5.1 Web Servers Come in All Shapes and Sizes 5.2 A Minimal Perl Web Server 5.3 What Real Web Servers Do 5.4 Step 1: Accepting Client Connections 5.5 Step 2: Receiving Request Messages 5.6 Step 3: Processing Requests 5.7 Step 4: Mapping and Accessing Resources 5.8 Step 5: Building Responses 5.9 Step 6: Sending Responses 5.10 Step 7: Logging 5.11 For More Information Chapter 6: Proxies 6.1 Web Intermediaries 6.2 Why Use Proxies? 6.3 Where Do Proxies Go? 6.4 Client Proxy Settings 6.5 Tricky Things About Proxy Requests 6.6 Tracing Messages 6.7 Proxy Authentication 6.8 Proxy Interoperation 6.9 For More Information Chapter 7: Caching 7.1 Redundant Data Transfers 7.2 Bandwidth Bottlenecks 7.3 Flash Crowds 7.4 Distance Delays 7.5 Hits and Misses 7.6 Cache Topologies 7.7 Cache Processing Steps 7.8 Keeping Copies Fresh 7.9 Controlling Cachability 7.10 Setting Cache Controls 7.11 Detailed Algorithms 7.12 Caches and Advertising 7.13 For More Information Chapter 8: Integration Points: Gateways, Tunnels, and Relays 8.1 Gateways 8.2 Protocol Gateways 8.3 Resource Gateways 8.4 Application Interfaces and Web Services 8.5 Tunnels 8.6 Relays 8.7 For More Information Chapter 9: Web Robots 9.1 Crawlers and Crawling 9.2 Robotic HTTP 9.3 Misbehaving Robots 9.4 Excluding Robots 9.5 Robot Etiquette 9.6 Search Engines 9.7 For More Information Chapter 10: HTTP-NG 10.1 HTTP's Growing Pains 10.2 HTTP-NG Activity 10.3 Modularize and Enhance 10.4 Distributed Objects 10.5 Layer 1: Messaging 10.6 Layer 2: Remote Invocation 10.7 Layer 3: Web Application 10.8 WebMUX 10.9 Binary Wire Protocol 10.10 Current Status 10.11 For More Information Part III: Identification, Authorization, and Security Chapter 11: Client Identification and Cookies 11.1 The Personal Touch 11.2 HTTP Headers 11.3 Client IP Address 11.4 User Login 11.5 Fat URLs 11.6 Cookies 11.7 For More Information Chapter 12: Basic Authentication 12.1 Authentication 12.2 Basic Authentication 12.3 The Security Flaws of Basic Authentication 12.4 For More Information Chapter 13: Digest Authentication 13.1 The Improvements of Digest Authentication 13.2 Digest Calculations 13.3 Quality of Protection Enhancements 13.4 Practical Considerations 13.5 Security Considerations 13.6 For More Information Chapter 14: Secure HTTP 14.1 Making HTTP Safe 14.2 Digital Cryptography 14.3 Symmetric-Key Cryptography 14.4 Public-Key Cryptography 14.5 Digital Signatures 14.6 Digital Certificates 14.7 HTTPS: The Details 14.8 A Real HTTPS Client 14.9 Tunneling Secure Traffic Through Proxies 14.10 For More Information Part IV: Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization Chapter 15: Entities and Encodings 15.1 Messages Are Crates, Entities Are Cargo 15.2 Content-Length: The Entity's Size 15.3 Entity Digests 15.4 Media Type and Charset 15.5 Content Encoding 15.6 Transfer Encoding and Chunked Encoding 15.7 Time-Varying Instances 15.8 Validators and Freshness 15.9 Range Requests 15.10 Delta Encoding 15.11 For More Information Chapter 16: Internationalization 16.1 HTTP Support for International Content 16.2 Character Sets and HTTP 16.3 Multilingual Character Encoding Primer 16.4 Language Tags and HTTP 16.5 Internationalized URIs 16.6 Other Considerations 16.7 For More Information Chapter 17: Content Negotiation and Transcoding 17.1 Content-Negotiation Techniques 17.2 Client-Driven Negotiation 17.3 Server-Driven Negotiation 17.4 Transparent Negotiation 17.5 Transcoding 17.6 Next Steps 17.7 For More Information Part V: Content Publishing and Distribution Chapter 18: Web Hosting 18.1 Hosting Services 18.2 Virtual Hosting 18.3 Making Web Sites Reliable 18.4 Making Web Sites Fast 18.5 For More Information Chapter 19: Publishing Systems 19.1 FrontPage Server Extensions for Publishing Support 19.2 WebDAV and Collaborative Authoring 19.3 For More Information Chapter 20: Redirection and Load Balancing 20.1 Why Redirect? 20.2 Where to Redirect 20.3 Overview of Redirection Protocols 20.4 General Redirection Methods 20.5 Proxy Redirection Methods 20.6 Cache Redirection Methods 20.7 Internet Cache Protocol 20.8 Cache Array Routing Protocol 20.9 Hyper Text Caching Protocol 20.10 For More Information Chapter 21: Logging and Usage Tracking 21.1 What to Log? 21.2 Log Formats 21.3 Hit Metering 21.4 A Word on Privacy 21.5 For More Information Part VI: Appendixes Appendix A: URI Schemes Appendix B: HTTP Status Codes B.1 Status Code Classifications B.2 Status Codes Appendix C: HTTP Header Reference Appendix D: MIME Types D.1 Background D.2 MIME Type Structure D.3 MIME Type IANA Registration D.4 MIME Type Tables Appendix E: Base-64 Encoding E.1 Base-64 Encoding Makes Binary Data Safe E.2 Eight Bits to Six Bits E.3 Base-64 Padding E.4 Perl Implementation E.5 For More Information Appendix F: Digest Authentication F.1 Digest WWW-Authenticate Directives F.2 Digest Authorization Directives F.3 Digest Authentication-Info Directives F.4 Reference Code Appendix G: Language Tags G.1 First Subtag Rules G.2 Second Subtag Rules G.3 IANA-Registered Language Tags G.4 ISO 639 Language Codes G.5 ISO 3166 Country Codes G.6 Language Administrative Organizations Appendix H: MIME Charset Registry H.1 MIME Charset Registry H.2 Preferred MIME Names H.3 Registered Charsets Colophon
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