Offering an up-to-date and comprehensive resource for students and general readers investigating human trafficking, this book examines the phenomenon in its many forms, the factors contributing to its existence, the victims it affects, and those who perpetrate this horrific crime. The horrific reality is that millions of human beings are bought and sold every year worldwide. Human trafficking is not an obsolete practice, and these crimes are not rare in occurrence. Recent examples of human trafficking such as the abduction of hundreds of Nigerian schoolgirls by the terrorist organization Boko…mehr
Offering an up-to-date and comprehensive resource for students and general readers investigating human trafficking, this book examines the phenomenon in its many forms, the factors contributing to its existence, the victims it affects, and those who perpetrate this horrific crime. The horrific reality is that millions of human beings are bought and sold every year worldwide. Human trafficking is not an obsolete practice, and these crimes are not rare in occurrence. Recent examples of human trafficking such as the abduction of hundreds of Nigerian schoolgirls by the terrorist organization Boko Haram and depictions of trafficking in films such as Taken have brought human trafficking squarely into the public eye. This book offers a comprehensive understanding of human trafficking in its many forms. It examines the traffickers who range from single operators to large, transnational organizations and investigates how they coerce, deceive, and exploit their victims in the domestic service, farming, construction, and sex industries as well as in the harvesting of organs. The coverage includes common practices of human trafficking like sexual exploitation of women in Western and Central Europe, labor exploitation in the Middle East, and the exploitation of children in Western and Central Africa. Readers are introduced to various experts who have rescued and worked with victims, prosecuted cases, and conducted research to gain more insight into this crime and serious abuse of human rights, and they will gain insight into how a number of people and organizations are working to combat human trafficking and protect victims. Primary source documents that include reports by government, international organizations, and NGOs serve to aid readers in acquiring more knowledge on the topic.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
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Autorenporträt
Alexis A. Aronowitz
Inhaltsangabe
Preface 1 Background and History Slavery in Ancient Times The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Abolition of Slavery and the Rise of the White Slave Trade Trafficking in Women and Children Trafficking in Persons What Is in a Definition? Defining Human Trafficking How Does Trafficking Differ from Smuggling? How Straightforward Is the Definition of Human Trafficking? What Contributes to Human Trafficking? Push and Pull Factors Poverty Migration Globalization Gender Inequality Social Hierarchy and Discrimination (Minority Status) Traditional Practices Demographic Factors Political Instability and Conflict War and Peacekeepers Technology Supply and Demand Facilitators of Human Trafficking Conclusion References 2 Problems Controversies and Solutions The Extent of the Problem: Counting and Identifying Victims of Trafficking Identifying Victims of Trafficking The Victim Pyramid Trafficking as a Process Rather than a Single Crime Markets in Which Victims Are Trafficked Traditional Markets Illicit Markets Unusual Forms of Human Trafficking The Victims Risk Factors for Trafficking Male Victims Child Victims Other Vulnerable Victims The Impact of Human Trafficking: Harm to the Victims Why Victims Do Not Identify Themselves as Victims From Victim to Survivor Traffickers: Who They Are and Why They Become Involved in the Crime of Human Trafficking Use of Violence and Threats to Control Victims From Victim to Victimizer: How Victims Become Traffickers Trafficking Organizations Roles within Trafficking Organizations Measures to End Trafficking Prevention Awareness Raising National Hotlines More Permanent Prevention Measures Victim Assistance and Protection In the Host Country Upon Returning Home Law Enforcement and Prosecution Law Enforcement Investigations and Arrests Law Enforcement Training What will Guarantee Law Enforcement's Success and Ensure a Victim-Centered Approach? Prosecutions Partnerships The Public Sector The Private Sector Religious Institutions Measures to Reduce Primary Demand Repressive Measures Legislative Measures Awareness-Raising Campaigns Social and Cultural Measures Demand Reduction among Military Personnel Raising Costs and Risks Reducing Profit: Hitting Traffickers Where It Hurts Effecting Permanent Change What Can You Do to Help Fight Human Trafficking? Learn Join Act References 3 Perspectives Estimating the Magnitude of Trafficking and Slavery: Ronald Weitzer Labor Exploitation of Migrant Workers in the Netherlands: Joanne van der Leun American Girls: Victims of Human Trafficking: Aaron Cohen Human Trafficking and Terrorist Groups: Elif Isitman The First European Anti-trafficking NGO Is Born: Patsy Sörensen and Klaus Vanhoutte The Dutch Religious Community and Its Work against Trafficking in Women: Ivonne van de Kar Declining Assistance: Understanding Trafficked Persons' Decisions Choices and Resiliency: Rebecca Surtees Female Human Traffickers: Dina Siegel What Are the Challenges in Prosecuting Human Trafficking Offenses?: Glynn Rankin 4 Profiles Kathryn Bolkovac (1960- ) CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery Coalition of Immokalee Workers Sunita Danuwar and Shakti Samuha Declaration of Istanbul Custodial Group ECPAT International Justice Mission International Labour Organization International Organization for Migration La Strada International Liberty Asia Loretta Lynch (1959- ) Steve Maman (1975- ) National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons Nigeria National Association to Protect Children National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence Against Children the Netherlands Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (U.S. Department of State) Polaris Project Najibullah Quraishi STOP THE TRAFFIK Truckers Against Trafficking Harriet Tubman (circa 1820-1913) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 5 Data and Documents Data Victims and Forms of Exploitation Table 5.1: Detected Victims of Trafficking by Age and Gender 2011 Table 5.2: Forms of Exploitation among Detected Victims of Trafficking 2011 Table 5.3: Gender Breakdown of Detected Victims of Trafficking for Forced Labor by Region 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Table 5.4: Forms of Exploitation among Detected Trafficking Victims by Region of Detection 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Trafficking Flows Table 5.5: Trafficking Flows by Geographical Reach 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Table 5.6: Shares of Detected Victims by Subregional and Transregional Trafficking Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking Table 5.7: Number of Convictions Recorded per Year Share of Countries 2010-2012 Table 5.8: Persons as Suspects Persons Prosecuted and Persons Convicted by Gender 2010-2012 Table 5.9: Suspects Prosecutions and Convictions by Gender and Region Government Responses to Trafficking Table 5.10: U.S. Department of State Tier Ranking Country Ratings on Government Responses Table 5.11: Country Ratings on Government Responses Heroes Acting to End Modern Slavery Table 5.12: TIP Report Hero Acting to End Modern Slavery Award 2015-2016 Documents The Many Faces of Human Trafficking Recognizing the Signs The Human and Social Costs of Trafficking Summary of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and Reauthorizations Breaking the Chain: Corruption and Human Trafficking Preventing Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains 6 Resources Books and Book Chapters Dissertations Reports Academic Articles and Journals Investigative Journalism Academic Collaboration Platforms Videos and Documentaries 7 Chronology Glossary Index About the Author
Preface 1 Background and History Slavery in Ancient Times The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Abolition of Slavery and the Rise of the White Slave Trade Trafficking in Women and Children Trafficking in Persons What Is in a Definition? Defining Human Trafficking How Does Trafficking Differ from Smuggling? How Straightforward Is the Definition of Human Trafficking? What Contributes to Human Trafficking? Push and Pull Factors Poverty Migration Globalization Gender Inequality Social Hierarchy and Discrimination (Minority Status) Traditional Practices Demographic Factors Political Instability and Conflict War and Peacekeepers Technology Supply and Demand Facilitators of Human Trafficking Conclusion References 2 Problems Controversies and Solutions The Extent of the Problem: Counting and Identifying Victims of Trafficking Identifying Victims of Trafficking The Victim Pyramid Trafficking as a Process Rather than a Single Crime Markets in Which Victims Are Trafficked Traditional Markets Illicit Markets Unusual Forms of Human Trafficking The Victims Risk Factors for Trafficking Male Victims Child Victims Other Vulnerable Victims The Impact of Human Trafficking: Harm to the Victims Why Victims Do Not Identify Themselves as Victims From Victim to Survivor Traffickers: Who They Are and Why They Become Involved in the Crime of Human Trafficking Use of Violence and Threats to Control Victims From Victim to Victimizer: How Victims Become Traffickers Trafficking Organizations Roles within Trafficking Organizations Measures to End Trafficking Prevention Awareness Raising National Hotlines More Permanent Prevention Measures Victim Assistance and Protection In the Host Country Upon Returning Home Law Enforcement and Prosecution Law Enforcement Investigations and Arrests Law Enforcement Training What will Guarantee Law Enforcement's Success and Ensure a Victim-Centered Approach? Prosecutions Partnerships The Public Sector The Private Sector Religious Institutions Measures to Reduce Primary Demand Repressive Measures Legislative Measures Awareness-Raising Campaigns Social and Cultural Measures Demand Reduction among Military Personnel Raising Costs and Risks Reducing Profit: Hitting Traffickers Where It Hurts Effecting Permanent Change What Can You Do to Help Fight Human Trafficking? Learn Join Act References 3 Perspectives Estimating the Magnitude of Trafficking and Slavery: Ronald Weitzer Labor Exploitation of Migrant Workers in the Netherlands: Joanne van der Leun American Girls: Victims of Human Trafficking: Aaron Cohen Human Trafficking and Terrorist Groups: Elif Isitman The First European Anti-trafficking NGO Is Born: Patsy Sörensen and Klaus Vanhoutte The Dutch Religious Community and Its Work against Trafficking in Women: Ivonne van de Kar Declining Assistance: Understanding Trafficked Persons' Decisions Choices and Resiliency: Rebecca Surtees Female Human Traffickers: Dina Siegel What Are the Challenges in Prosecuting Human Trafficking Offenses?: Glynn Rankin 4 Profiles Kathryn Bolkovac (1960- ) CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery Coalition of Immokalee Workers Sunita Danuwar and Shakti Samuha Declaration of Istanbul Custodial Group ECPAT International Justice Mission International Labour Organization International Organization for Migration La Strada International Liberty Asia Loretta Lynch (1959- ) Steve Maman (1975- ) National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons Nigeria National Association to Protect Children National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence Against Children the Netherlands Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (U.S. Department of State) Polaris Project Najibullah Quraishi STOP THE TRAFFIK Truckers Against Trafficking Harriet Tubman (circa 1820-1913) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 5 Data and Documents Data Victims and Forms of Exploitation Table 5.1: Detected Victims of Trafficking by Age and Gender 2011 Table 5.2: Forms of Exploitation among Detected Victims of Trafficking 2011 Table 5.3: Gender Breakdown of Detected Victims of Trafficking for Forced Labor by Region 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Table 5.4: Forms of Exploitation among Detected Trafficking Victims by Region of Detection 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Trafficking Flows Table 5.5: Trafficking Flows by Geographical Reach 2010-2012 (or More Recent) Table 5.6: Shares of Detected Victims by Subregional and Transregional Trafficking Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking Table 5.7: Number of Convictions Recorded per Year Share of Countries 2010-2012 Table 5.8: Persons as Suspects Persons Prosecuted and Persons Convicted by Gender 2010-2012 Table 5.9: Suspects Prosecutions and Convictions by Gender and Region Government Responses to Trafficking Table 5.10: U.S. Department of State Tier Ranking Country Ratings on Government Responses Table 5.11: Country Ratings on Government Responses Heroes Acting to End Modern Slavery Table 5.12: TIP Report Hero Acting to End Modern Slavery Award 2015-2016 Documents The Many Faces of Human Trafficking Recognizing the Signs The Human and Social Costs of Trafficking Summary of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and Reauthorizations Breaking the Chain: Corruption and Human Trafficking Preventing Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains 6 Resources Books and Book Chapters Dissertations Reports Academic Articles and Journals Investigative Journalism Academic Collaboration Platforms Videos and Documentaries 7 Chronology Glossary Index About the Author
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