Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives
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Modern Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides vital guidance to help a new generation of engineers master the principles of and further advance hybrid vehicle technology. The authors address purely electric, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell, and off-road hybrid vehicle systems. They focus on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. They concentrate on material that is not readily available in other hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) books such as design examples for hybrid vehicles, and cover new…mehr
Modern Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides vital guidance to help a new generation of engineers master the principles of and further advance hybrid vehicle technology. The authors address purely electric, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell, and off-road hybrid vehicle systems. They focus on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. They concentrate on material that is not readily available in other hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) books such as design examples for hybrid vehicles, and cover new developments in the field including electronic CVT, plug-in hybrid, and new power converters and controls.
Covers hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, non-ground-vehicle applications like ships, locomotives, aircrafts, system reliability, EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues.
Contains core fundamentals and principles of modern hybrid vehicles at component level and system level.
Provides graduate students and field engineers with a text suitable for classroom teaching or self-study.
Covers hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, non-ground-vehicle applications like ships, locomotives, aircrafts, system reliability, EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues.
Contains core fundamentals and principles of modern hybrid vehicles at component level and system level.
Provides graduate students and field engineers with a text suitable for classroom teaching or self-study.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 448
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Juli 2011
- Abmessung: 244mm x 168mm x 29mm
- Gewicht: 960g
- ISBN-13: 9780470747735
- ISBN-10: 0470747730
- Artikelnr.: 33237270
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 448
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Juli 2011
- Abmessung: 244mm x 168mm x 29mm
- Gewicht: 960g
- ISBN-13: 9780470747735
- ISBN-10: 0470747730
- Artikelnr.: 33237270
About the Authors xiii
- Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 3
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It 10
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 18
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 22
1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 23
- References 25
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 27
2.1 Vehicle Basics 27
2.2 Basics of the EV 31
2.3 Basics of the HEV 35
2.4 Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 36
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 38
Reference 39
3 HEV Fundamentals 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Vehicle Model 42
3.3 Vehicle Performance 44
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 47
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 51
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 56
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65
- References 67
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 72
4.3 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 76
4.4 Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 83
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 92
4.7 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 93
4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 96
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 98
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive 99
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 101
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 102
4.13 Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions 103
4.14 Conclusions 105
- References 106
5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107
5.2 PHEV Architectures 110
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 112
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 118
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 119
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 119
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 120
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 123
5.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 125
5.12 Conclusion 136
- References 138
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.2 Off-road HEVs 144
6.3 Diesel HEVs 149
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives 150
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 159
- References 160
Further Reading 160
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 163
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications 163
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 164
7.3 Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications 168
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 173
- References 174
Further Reading 175
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 177
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 177
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 182
8.3 EMC Issues 190
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 192
8.5 End-of-Life Issues 194
- References 195
Further Reading 195
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 197
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Principle of Power Electronics 198
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 200
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 207
9.5 Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 209
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 213
9.7 Current Source Inverter 213
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 217
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 226
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 229
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 237
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 239
9.13 Circuit Packaging 240
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 240
9.15 Conclusions 243
- References 243
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 246
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 271
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 291
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 293
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 297
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 299
10.8 Conclusions 306
- References 306
11 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Battery Characterization 317
11.3 Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs 321
11.4 Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits 325
11.5 Battery Charging Control 334
11.6 Charge Management of Storage Devices 337
11.7 Flywheel Energy Storage System 341
11.8 Hydraulic Energy Storage System 344
11.9 Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 345
11.10 Summary and Discussion 360
- References 361
12 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 363
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 364
12.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 366
12.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 369
12.5 Physics-Based Modeling 370
12.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 378
12.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 381
12.8 Conclusion 382
- References 382
13 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 386
13.3 Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process 399
13.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 400
13.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 405
13.6 Conclusion 410
- References 412
14 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 413
14.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 413
14.2 Methodology to Implement 415
14.3 Benefits of Energy Management 428
- References 429
Further Reading 429
15 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 431
15.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 431
15.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 431
15.3 Standardization and Commercialization 432
15.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 433
15.5 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 434
Further Reading 434
- Index 435
- Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 3
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It 10
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 18
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 22
1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 23
- References 25
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 27
2.1 Vehicle Basics 27
2.2 Basics of the EV 31
2.3 Basics of the HEV 35
2.4 Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 36
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 38
Reference 39
3 HEV Fundamentals 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Vehicle Model 42
3.3 Vehicle Performance 44
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 47
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 51
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 56
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65
- References 67
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 72
4.3 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 76
4.4 Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 83
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 92
4.7 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 93
4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 96
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 98
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive 99
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 101
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 102
4.13 Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions 103
4.14 Conclusions 105
- References 106
5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107
5.2 PHEV Architectures 110
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 112
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 118
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 119
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 119
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 120
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 123
5.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 125
5.12 Conclusion 136
- References 138
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.2 Off-road HEVs 144
6.3 Diesel HEVs 149
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives 150
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 159
- References 160
Further Reading 160
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 163
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications 163
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 164
7.3 Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications 168
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 173
- References 174
Further Reading 175
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 177
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 177
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 182
8.3 EMC Issues 190
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 192
8.5 End-of-Life Issues 194
- References 195
Further Reading 195
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 197
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Principle of Power Electronics 198
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 200
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 207
9.5 Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 209
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 213
9.7 Current Source Inverter 213
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 217
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 226
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 229
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 237
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 239
9.13 Circuit Packaging 240
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 240
9.15 Conclusions 243
- References 243
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 246
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 271
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 291
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 293
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 297
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 299
10.8 Conclusions 306
- References 306
11 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Battery Characterization 317
11.3 Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs 321
11.4 Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits 325
11.5 Battery Charging Control 334
11.6 Charge Management of Storage Devices 337
11.7 Flywheel Energy Storage System 341
11.8 Hydraulic Energy Storage System 344
11.9 Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 345
11.10 Summary and Discussion 360
- References 361
12 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 363
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 364
12.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 366
12.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 369
12.5 Physics-Based Modeling 370
12.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 378
12.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 381
12.8 Conclusion 382
- References 382
13 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 386
13.3 Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process 399
13.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 400
13.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 405
13.6 Conclusion 410
- References 412
14 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 413
14.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 413
14.2 Methodology to Implement 415
14.3 Benefits of Energy Management 428
- References 429
Further Reading 429
15 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 431
15.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 431
15.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 431
15.3 Standardization and Commercialization 432
15.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 433
15.5 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 434
Further Reading 434
- Index 435
About the Authors xiii
- Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 3
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It 10
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 18
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 22
1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 23
- References 25
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 27
2.1 Vehicle Basics 27
2.2 Basics of the EV 31
2.3 Basics of the HEV 35
2.4 Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 36
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 38
Reference 39
3 HEV Fundamentals 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Vehicle Model 42
3.3 Vehicle Performance 44
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 47
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 51
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 56
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65
- References 67
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 72
4.3 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 76
4.4 Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 83
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 92
4.7 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 93
4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 96
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 98
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive 99
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 101
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 102
4.13 Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions 103
4.14 Conclusions 105
- References 106
5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107
5.2 PHEV Architectures 110
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 112
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 118
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 119
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 119
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 120
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 123
5.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 125
5.12 Conclusion 136
- References 138
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.2 Off-road HEVs 144
6.3 Diesel HEVs 149
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives 150
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 159
- References 160
Further Reading 160
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 163
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications 163
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 164
7.3 Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications 168
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 173
- References 174
Further Reading 175
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 177
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 177
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 182
8.3 EMC Issues 190
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 192
8.5 End-of-Life Issues 194
- References 195
Further Reading 195
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 197
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Principle of Power Electronics 198
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 200
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 207
9.5 Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 209
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 213
9.7 Current Source Inverter 213
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 217
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 226
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 229
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 237
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 239
9.13 Circuit Packaging 240
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 240
9.15 Conclusions 243
- References 243
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 246
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 271
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 291
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 293
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 297
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 299
10.8 Conclusions 306
- References 306
11 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Battery Characterization 317
11.3 Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs 321
11.4 Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits 325
11.5 Battery Charging Control 334
11.6 Charge Management of Storage Devices 337
11.7 Flywheel Energy Storage System 341
11.8 Hydraulic Energy Storage System 344
11.9 Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 345
11.10 Summary and Discussion 360
- References 361
12 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 363
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 364
12.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 366
12.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 369
12.5 Physics-Based Modeling 370
12.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 378
12.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 381
12.8 Conclusion 382
- References 382
13 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 386
13.3 Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process 399
13.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 400
13.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 405
13.6 Conclusion 410
- References 412
14 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 413
14.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 413
14.2 Methodology to Implement 415
14.3 Benefits of Energy Management 428
- References 429
Further Reading 429
15 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 431
15.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 431
15.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 431
15.3 Standardization and Commercialization 432
15.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 433
15.5 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 434
Further Reading 434
- Index 435
- Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 3
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It 10
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 18
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 22
1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 23
- References 25
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 27
2.1 Vehicle Basics 27
2.2 Basics of the EV 31
2.3 Basics of the HEV 35
2.4 Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 36
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 38
Reference 39
3 HEV Fundamentals 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Vehicle Model 42
3.3 Vehicle Performance 44
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 47
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 51
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 56
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65
- References 67
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 72
4.3 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 76
4.4 Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 83
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 92
4.7 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission 93
4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 96
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 98
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive 99
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 101
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 102
4.13 Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions 103
4.14 Conclusions 105
- References 106
5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107
5.2 PHEV Architectures 110
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 112
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 118
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 119
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 119
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 120
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 123
5.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 125
5.12 Conclusion 136
- References 138
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 139
6.2 Off-road HEVs 144
6.3 Diesel HEVs 149
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives 150
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 159
- References 160
Further Reading 160
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 163
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications 163
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 164
7.3 Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications 168
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 173
- References 174
Further Reading 175
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 177
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 177
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 182
8.3 EMC Issues 190
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 192
8.5 End-of-Life Issues 194
- References 195
Further Reading 195
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 197
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Principle of Power Electronics 198
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 200
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 207
9.5 Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 209
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 213
9.7 Current Source Inverter 213
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 217
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 226
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 229
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 237
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 239
9.13 Circuit Packaging 240
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 240
9.15 Conclusions 243
- References 243
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 246
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 271
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 291
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 293
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 297
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 299
10.8 Conclusions 306
- References 306
11 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Battery Characterization 317
11.3 Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs 321
11.4 Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits 325
11.5 Battery Charging Control 334
11.6 Charge Management of Storage Devices 337
11.7 Flywheel Energy Storage System 341
11.8 Hydraulic Energy Storage System 344
11.9 Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 345
11.10 Summary and Discussion 360
- References 361
12 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 363
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 364
12.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 366
12.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 369
12.5 Physics-Based Modeling 370
12.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 378
12.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 381
12.8 Conclusion 382
- References 382
13 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 386
13.3 Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process 399
13.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 400
13.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 405
13.6 Conclusion 410
- References 412
14 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 413
14.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 413
14.2 Methodology to Implement 415
14.3 Benefits of Energy Management 428
- References 429
Further Reading 429
15 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 431
15.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 431
15.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 431
15.3 Standardization and Commercialization 432
15.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 433
15.5 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 434
Further Reading 434
- Index 435