Impartial Spectator
Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy
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"Remarkably comprehensive, without sacrificing the subtlety of its critical exegesis.... The Impartial Spectator offers revealing treatment of Smith's work on a variety of key topics.... This readable book is a welcome study of a fascinating and illuminating body of work."--Brian Feltham, Times Literary Supplement "Engaging...a gift to anyone interested in Adam Smith and the history of British moral philosophy."--Sylvana Tomaselli, British Journal for the History of Philosophy
D. D. Raphael provides a critical account of the moral philosophy of Adam Smith, presented in his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Whilst it does not have the same prominence in its field as his work on economics, The Wealth of Nations, Smith's writing on ethics is of continuing importance and interest today, especially for its theory of conscience. Smith sees the origin of conscience in the sympathetic and antipathetic feelings of spectators. As spectators of the actions of other people, we can imagine how we would feel in their situation. If we would share their motives, we approve of their action. If not, we disapprove. When we ourselves take an action, we know from experience what spectators would feel, approval or disapproval. That knowledge forms conscience, an imagined impartial spectator who tells us whether an action is right or wrong. In describing the content of moral judgment, Smith is much influenced by Stoic ethics, with an emphasis on self-command, but he voices criticism as well as praise. His own position is a combination of Stoic and Christian values.
