Departing from an understanding of Amazonian indigenous cultural identity -framework for the protection of traditional lifestyles, spiritual values and cosmovision -this book will examine the internal dimension of the human right to self-determination, the right of indigenous peoples to choose their priorities and means for development, and the human right to a healthy environment as recognized in the inter-American system for the protection of human rights. The analyses of both rights will be conducted in order to approach the linkages between the protection of human rights and the preservation of the environment. Therefore, we will approach social and environmental conflicts concerning industrial concessions, the construction of infrastructures and development policies in the Amazon from the lens of indigenous peoples' rights.