Beams of accelerated particles are of particular importance in researching the structure of matter, for example, the structure of elementary particles and nature of nuclear forces. The present book reviews the problems concerned both with generation of accelerated particles and with application of electron beams for exerting chemical, thermal and other effects on matter. The book is designed for experts specializing in designing and servicing electron accelerators or developing new production processes with the use of accelerated particles.
Beams of accelerated particles are of particular importance in researching the structure of matter, for example, the structure of elementary particles and nature of nuclear forces. The present book reviews the problems concerned both with generation of accelerated particles and with application of electron beams for exerting chemical, thermal and other effects on matter. The book is designed for experts specializing in designing and servicing electron accelerators or developing new production processes with the use of accelerated particles.
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Brief Review of Electron Accelerator Development and Application of Radiation Effect.- 1.2 Types of Radiation and Units of Measurement.- 1.3 Beams of Accelerated Charged Particles: General Concepts.- 1.4 Isotopic Sources.- 1.5 Application of Beams of Accelerated Charged Particles and Other Kinds of Radiation.- 2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter and Applications of Electron Accelerators.- 2.1 Ionizing Effect of Electrom Beam.- 2.2 Generation of Bremsstrahlung.- 2.3 Penetration of Bremsstrahlung through Matter.- 2.4 Photonuclear Reactions.- 2.5 Electric Charge in Materials under Irradiation.- 2.6 Radiation Defectoscopy.- 2.7 Activation Analysis.- 2.8 Maintenance of Non-Self-Maintained Discharge in Electroionization Laser.- 2.9 Synchrotron Radiation.- 3 Chemical Processes Occurring Under the Effect of Ionizing Radiation.- 3.1 Peculiarities of Radiochemical Processes.- 3.2 Radiation Polymerization.- 3.3 Radiation Cross-linking of Polymers.- 3.4 Radiation Destruction of Polymers.- 3.5 Combination Processes.- 3.6 Processes in Gas-Phase Matter.- 4 Irradiation of Biological Objects.- 4.1 Physicochemical Basis of Radiobiological Processes.- 4.2 Sterilization of Medical Materials.- 4.3 Preservation of Foodstuff.- 4.4 Deinsectization of Grain.- 4.5 Presowing Irradiation of Seeds.- 4.6 Inhibiting Germination of Crops in Storage.- 4.7 Radiation Selection.- 4.8 Radiation Therapy.- 4.9 Biomaterials.- 4.10 Sterilization of Sewage.- 5 Thermal Effect of Intense Beams on Matter.- 5.1 Interaction of Intense Electron Flux with Metal.- 5.2 Technological Processes of Heat Treatment of Metals by Intense Electron Beams.- 5.3 Treatment of Dielectrics by Accelerated Electrons.- 5.4 Propagation of Intense Electron Fluxes in Gas.- 5.5 Comparison of Accelerated Electron Beam and Laser Radiation.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Direct-Action Accelerators.- 6.1 Acceleration of Particles in Potential Electric Field.- 6.2 Methods for Generating High Voltages.- 6.3 Electrostatic Generators.- 6.4 Single-Phase, High-Voltage Transformers.- 6.5 Direct-Voltage Generators Based on Single-Phase Transformers.- 6.6 Direct-Voltage, Capacitance-Coupled Cascade Generators.- 6.7 Direct-Voltage Generators Based on Three-Phase Transformers.- 6.8 Pulsed Voltage Generators.- 6.9 Components of High-Voltage Generators.- 6.10 Accelerating Devices.- 7 Induction and Resonance Electron Accelerators.- 7.1 Acceleration of Electrons in Vortex Electric Fields.- 7.2 Construction and Power Supply Circuits of Induction Electron Accelerators.- 7.3 Resonance Acceleration of Electrons.- 7.4 Electric Circuits and Construction of Resonance Electron Accelerators.- 8 Components of Radiation Installations.- 8.1 Devices for Extraction of Accelerated Electrons from Vacuum.- 8.2 Targets for Generating Bremsstrahlung.- 8.3 Radiation Zones and Radiation Shieldings.- 8.4 Measurement of Beam Parameters and Radiation Dose.- 9 Typical Radiation Facilities Based on Electron Accelerators.- 9.1 Industrial Installations for Electron-Beam Cross-linking of Polyethylene.- 9.2 Installations for Electron Beam Curing.- 9.3 Installations for Radiation Treatment of Fabrics.- 9.4 Installations for Sterilization and Deinsectization.- 9.5 Installations for Flaw Inspection.- 9.6 Radiotherapy Installations.- 9.7 Miscellaneous Radiation Installations.- 9.8 Prospects of Using the Relativistic Electron Beams in New Fields of Application.- Appendixes. Parameters of Electron Accelerators Used for Applied Purposes.- References.
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Brief Review of Electron Accelerator Development and Application of Radiation Effect.- 1.2 Types of Radiation and Units of Measurement.- 1.3 Beams of Accelerated Charged Particles: General Concepts.- 1.4 Isotopic Sources.- 1.5 Application of Beams of Accelerated Charged Particles and Other Kinds of Radiation.- 2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter and Applications of Electron Accelerators.- 2.1 Ionizing Effect of Electrom Beam.- 2.2 Generation of Bremsstrahlung.- 2.3 Penetration of Bremsstrahlung through Matter.- 2.4 Photonuclear Reactions.- 2.5 Electric Charge in Materials under Irradiation.- 2.6 Radiation Defectoscopy.- 2.7 Activation Analysis.- 2.8 Maintenance of Non-Self-Maintained Discharge in Electroionization Laser.- 2.9 Synchrotron Radiation.- 3 Chemical Processes Occurring Under the Effect of Ionizing Radiation.- 3.1 Peculiarities of Radiochemical Processes.- 3.2 Radiation Polymerization.- 3.3 Radiation Cross-linking of Polymers.- 3.4 Radiation Destruction of Polymers.- 3.5 Combination Processes.- 3.6 Processes in Gas-Phase Matter.- 4 Irradiation of Biological Objects.- 4.1 Physicochemical Basis of Radiobiological Processes.- 4.2 Sterilization of Medical Materials.- 4.3 Preservation of Foodstuff.- 4.4 Deinsectization of Grain.- 4.5 Presowing Irradiation of Seeds.- 4.6 Inhibiting Germination of Crops in Storage.- 4.7 Radiation Selection.- 4.8 Radiation Therapy.- 4.9 Biomaterials.- 4.10 Sterilization of Sewage.- 5 Thermal Effect of Intense Beams on Matter.- 5.1 Interaction of Intense Electron Flux with Metal.- 5.2 Technological Processes of Heat Treatment of Metals by Intense Electron Beams.- 5.3 Treatment of Dielectrics by Accelerated Electrons.- 5.4 Propagation of Intense Electron Fluxes in Gas.- 5.5 Comparison of Accelerated Electron Beam and Laser Radiation.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Direct-Action Accelerators.- 6.1 Acceleration of Particles in Potential Electric Field.- 6.2 Methods for Generating High Voltages.- 6.3 Electrostatic Generators.- 6.4 Single-Phase, High-Voltage Transformers.- 6.5 Direct-Voltage Generators Based on Single-Phase Transformers.- 6.6 Direct-Voltage, Capacitance-Coupled Cascade Generators.- 6.7 Direct-Voltage Generators Based on Three-Phase Transformers.- 6.8 Pulsed Voltage Generators.- 6.9 Components of High-Voltage Generators.- 6.10 Accelerating Devices.- 7 Induction and Resonance Electron Accelerators.- 7.1 Acceleration of Electrons in Vortex Electric Fields.- 7.2 Construction and Power Supply Circuits of Induction Electron Accelerators.- 7.3 Resonance Acceleration of Electrons.- 7.4 Electric Circuits and Construction of Resonance Electron Accelerators.- 8 Components of Radiation Installations.- 8.1 Devices for Extraction of Accelerated Electrons from Vacuum.- 8.2 Targets for Generating Bremsstrahlung.- 8.3 Radiation Zones and Radiation Shieldings.- 8.4 Measurement of Beam Parameters and Radiation Dose.- 9 Typical Radiation Facilities Based on Electron Accelerators.- 9.1 Industrial Installations for Electron-Beam Cross-linking of Polyethylene.- 9.2 Installations for Electron Beam Curing.- 9.3 Installations for Radiation Treatment of Fabrics.- 9.4 Installations for Sterilization and Deinsectization.- 9.5 Installations for Flaw Inspection.- 9.6 Radiotherapy Installations.- 9.7 Miscellaneous Radiation Installations.- 9.8 Prospects of Using the Relativistic Electron Beams in New Fields of Application.- Appendixes. Parameters of Electron Accelerators Used for Applied Purposes.- References.
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