This book analyses the state of the art for nanoscience and nanobiotechnology worldwide and, specifically, in Catalonia, focusing on the scientific and economic challenges arising from nanotechnologies and the creative and innovative ecosystem that could be used to meet them. The author deals with two current big issues in the public-funded R&D system: the management of knowledge and technology transfer and the new research and market challenges by nanotechnologies. The work presented here is the result of over ten years of research and innovation management at the Electronics Department of the University of Barcelona. Needless to say that most of the work and results gathered here are the result of the success, as well of some fails, while committed with the technology transfer and innovation.