Anne Wichmann

Intonation in Text and Discourse

Beginnings, Middles and Ends

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

A printed text includes punctuation marks, capitalisation, paragraphs, headings and sub-headings to help the reader to understand how the words are organised into sentences, and sentences are organised into a coherent text. In a spoken text, this typographical information is absent. So how do readers and speakers provide equivalent information to the listener? Intonation in Text and Discourse describes the way in which speech melody, or intonation, is used to signal the structure of spoken texts, and it is the first text on discourse intonation to explore a wide variety of naturally-occurring spoken data.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Taylor & Francis
• Seitenzahl: 172
• Erscheinungstermin: 7. Dezember 2016
• Englisch
• Gewicht: 453g
• ISBN-13: 9781138150706
• ISBN-10: 1138150703
• Artikelnr.: 71768538

Autorenporträt

Anne Wichmann is a Reader in Speech and Language at the University of Central Lancashire.

Inhaltsangabe

Author's acknowledgements Publisher's acknowledgements Introduction CHAPTER
ONE: CHAPTER TWO: Analysing spoken discourse 1.1 A historical perspective
1.2 Prosodic resources 1.2.1 Intonation 1.2.2 Models of intonation 1.2.2.1
Pitch 1.2.2.2 Phrasing 12 1.2.2.3 Phonetic realisation of phonological
categories 12 1.2.3 Instrumental and auditory analysis 12 1.3 Modelling
spoken discourse 13 1.3.1 Models of text and discourse structure 15 1.3.1.1
Propositional models 15 1.3.1.2 Cognitive models 16 1.3.1.3 Formal models
17 1.3.2 Modelling conversational interaction 18 1.4 Speaking styles 19
1.4.1 Reading 20 1.4.2 Unscripted speech 21 1.4.3 Other speaking styles 21
1.4.4 Conclusion 22 1.5 Summary 22 Beginnings 2.1 Paragraph intonation in
oral reading: 4 case studies 24 25 v CONTENTS 2.1.1 Case 1: A news summary
25 2.1.2 Case 2: A news report 27 2.1.3 Case 3: A short story 28 2.1.3.1
Topics or paragraphs? 30 2.1.3.2 Spoken vs. written paragraphs 30 2.1.4
Case 4: Children's oral reading 33 2.2 Titles, headlines and openers: the
'citation contour' as a topic marker 35 2.2.1 Topic marking in read speech
36 2.2.2 Topic marking in spontaneous speech 38 2.3 Phonetic issues
surrounding initiality 41 2.3.1 How high is high? 41 2.3.1.1 Relative pitch
height 41 2.3.1.2 Individual pitch preferences 42 2.3.2 The role of timing
43 2.3.2.1 Segmental and prosodic factors affecting peak timing 44 2.3.2.2
The effect of discourse on peak timing 44 2.3.2.3 Theoretical implications:
association vs. alignment 45 2.4 Summary 46 CHAPTER THREE: Ends 49 3.1
Coming to the end: evidence from the SEC 50 3.1.1 Falling tones 50 3.1.2
Early closure 50 3.1.2.1 Utterance-final rises 50 3.1.2.2
Utterance-internal falls 51 3.2 What kind of falling tones are there? 53
3.2.1 High and low falls 53 3.2.2 Tails and endpoints 55 3.2.3 Finality and
discourse structure 58 3.2.4 High and low falls in the SEC 59 3.2.4.1
Inconsistencies: evidence for the role of the speaker's range 62 3.3
'Cadences': melodic closure 63 3.3.1 Common cadences 64 3.3.2 Stylistic
variation 65 3.3.2.1 The journalistic 'flourish' 66 3.3.2.2 The liturgical
'drop' 67 3.4 Perception of falls - experimental evidence 69 3.5 Summary 71
CHAPTER FOUR: Cohesion 74 4.1 Cohesion and intonation 74 vi CHAPTER FIVE:
CONTENTS 4.1.1 Intonation and information structure: accenting and
de-accenting 74 4.1.2 Cohesion and 'onset depression' 75 4.2 Cohesion in
the SEC 77 4.2.1 Phrase and clause boundaries: pitch depression inside
sentences 78 4.2.1.1 Non-restrictive postmodification 78 4.2.1.2
Co-ordination 81 4.2.2 Undoing early closure 83 4.2.3 Cohesive links
between sentences 84 4.2.4 Conclusion 85 4.3 Intonational parallelism 85
4.3.1 Some common parallelisms 85 4.3.2 Models of tonal parallelism 86
4.3.3 Reconciling models with corpus data 87 4.3.3.1 Parallelism between
different tones 4.3.3.2 Parallelism between non-adjacent tone groups 4.3.4
Conclusion 4.4 Parenthesis - a reassessment 4.4.1 The intonation of
parenthesis 4.4.2 Defining parenthesis 4.5 Summary Paragraph intonation -
local and global pitch range in discourse 5.1 Local events or global
trends? 5.1.1 Models of sentence declination 5.1.2 Paragraph declination
5.2 Models of paragraph intonation 5.2.1 'Paratones' 5.2.2
'Supradeclination' 5.3 Looking for supradeclination in natural data: some
obscuring factors 5.3.l The effect of information structure on 87 89 93 93
94 98 100 102 102 103 105 105 105 107 108 sentence declination 108 5.3.2
Evidence for supradeclination 112 5.3.2.1 Declination across sentence
onsets (the first accented syllable in each sentence) 113 5.3.2.2
Declination across FO maxima: the highest FO peak in each sentence 113
5.3.2.3 Declination across the mean: the mean FO for each sentence 115 vii
CONTENTS 5.4 Pitch scaling and discourse status 116 5.5 Reconsidering
paragraph declination: a composite view 118 5.6 Summary 121 CHAPTER SIX:
Intonation in conversation: structure and meaning 123 6.1 A theoretical
framework 123 6.2 Semantic framing I topic structuring: the units of
discourse and the relationship between them 126 6.2.1 The 'spoken sentence'
126 6.2.2 Meaning relations between 'spoken sentences' 127 6.2.3 Meaning
relations between discourse moves 130 6.2.4 Summary 131 6.3 Turn-taking 132
6.3.1 Smooth turn-taking 132 6.3.2 Topic control: creating conversational
space 133 6.3.2.1 Non-competitive talk 133 6.3.2.2 Competitive talk 134
6.3.2.3 Informal conversation: suspending turn-taking 136 6.3.3
Communication checks 138 6.4 Co-operation, affiliation, disaffiliation 139
6.4.1 Pitch modification 140 6.4.1.1 Non-supportive backchannels 140
6.4.1.2 Speaker-hearer orientation: the notion of pitch concord 141 6.5
Summarising intonation resources in conversation 143 6.6 Attitudinal
intonation: interaction and intonational meaning 144 Appendix I 149
Appendix II 151 References 152 Index