Dennis B. Malpass, Elliot Band

Introduction to Industrial Polypropylene

Properties, Catalysts Processes

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book provides chemists, engineers and students an introduction to the essentials of industrial polypropylene--what it is, how it's made and fabricated, the markets it serves and its environmental fate.

---

This introductory text is an important resource for new engineers, chemists, students, and chemical industry personnel to understand the technical aspects of polypropylene which is the 2nd largest synthetics polymer in manufactured output.

The book considers the following topics:
What are the principal types of polypropylene and how do they differ?
What catalysts are used to produce polypropylene and how do they function?
What is the role of cocatalysts and how have they evolved over the years?
How are industrial polypropylene catalysts tested and the resultant polymer evaluated?
What processes are used in the manufacture of polypropylene?
What are the biopolymer alternatives to polypropylene?
What companies are the major industrial manufacturers of polypropylene?
What is the environmental fate of polypropylene?

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118062760
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 354
• Erscheinungstermin: 26. Juni 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 241mm x 158mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 628g
• ISBN-13: 9781118062760
• ISBN-10: 1118062760
• Artikelnr.: 34448383

Autorenporträt

Dennis B. Malpass received his PhD in organometallic chemistry from The University of Tennessee in 1970 and began his career with Texas Alkyls, Inc. (now AkzoNobel). His industrial career spanned thirty-three years working on synthesis, characterization, and applications of metal alkyls, especially aluminum alkyls in Ziegler-Natta polymerization of olefins. He has more than eighty patents and publications and now consults in the polyolefins industry. He also teaches organic chemistry and is an instructor for continuing education courses for SPE and ACS. In 2010 he authored Introduction to Industrial Polyethylene. Elliot I. Band received his PhD in inorganic chemistry from Cornell University in 1980. He has been in research and development with AkzoNobel and its predecessor companies for over thirty years. His tenure includes twenty years in Ziegler-Natta catalyst synthesis, manufacture, quality control, and technical support to polypropylene manufacturers in North and South America. He presently manages a group of chemists and engineers that develops new cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants for AkzoNobel. Elliot has thirty publications and more than twenty patents.

Inhaltsangabe

List of tables xiii List of figures xv Preface ix 1 Introduction to
Polymers of Propylene 1 1.1 Origins of Crystalline Polypropylene 1 1.2
Basic Description of Polypropylene 4 1.3 Types and Nomenclature of
Polypropylene 9 1.4 Molecular Weight of Polypropylene 12 1.5 Transition
Metal Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization 15 1.6 Questions 17 References
18 2 Polymer Characterization 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Polymer Tacticity
24 2.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 36 2.4 Polymer
Bulk Density 48 2.5 Particle Size Distribution and Morphology 50 2.6
Questions 54 References 55 3 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 59 3.1 A Brief History
of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 59 3.2 Definitions and Nomenclature 61 3.3
Characteristics of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 63 3.4 Early Commercial
Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 65 3.5 Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 67 3.6
Prepolymerized Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 68 3.7 Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta
Polymerization 69 3.8 Questions and Exercises 73 References 73 4 Propylene
Polymerization Catalysts 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Zero Generation
Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 77 4.3 First Generation ZN Catalysts 79 4.4 Second
Generation ZN Catalysts 82 4.5 Third Generation ZN Catalysts 84 4.6 Fourth
Generation ZN Catalysts 86 4.7 Fifth Generation ZN Catalysts 89 4.8 ZN
Catalysts for Atactic Polypropylene 92 4.9 Metallocenes and Other Single
Site Catalysts 93 4.10 Cocatalysts for ZN Catalysts 94 4.11 Kinetics and ZN
Catalyst Productivity 99 4.12 Concluding Remarks 102 4.13 Questions 102
References 105 5 Aluminum Alkyls in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 111 5.1
Organometallic Compounds 111 5.2. Characteristics of Aluminum Alkyls 113
5.3 Production of Aluminum Alkyls 122 5.4 Reducing Agent for the Transition
Metal 126 5.5 Alkylating Agent for Creation of Active Centers 127 5.6
Scavenger of Catalyst Poisons 128 5.7 Chain Transfer Agent 129 5.8
Questions 129 References 130 6 Single Site Catalysts and Cocatalysts 133
6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 The Structures of Metallocenes and SSCs 134 6.3
Non-Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts 138 6.4 Cocatalysts for SSCs 139
6.5 Supports for SSCs 143 6.6 Characteristics of mPP 145 6.7 Selected
Applications of mPP Resins 148 6.8 Metallocene Synthesis 150 6.9
Syndiotactic Polypropylene 152 6.10 Commercial Reality and Concluding
Remarks 154 6.11 Questions 155 References 156 7 Catalyst Manufacture 163
7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Development of the Manufacturing Process 163 7.3
Chemistry of Catalyst Manufacture 164 7.4 Raw Materials Storage and
Handling 166 7.5 Catalyst Preparation 167 7.6 Catalyst Drying 169 7.7
Catalyst Packaging 169 7.8 Recovery and Recycle of Spent Solvents 170 7.9
Prepolymerization at the Catalyst Manufacturing Plant 172 7.10 Plant Size
172 7.11 Site Safety 172 7.12 Quality Control and Specifications 174 7.13
Diagram of a Hypothetical Plant 174 7.14 Custom Manufacture 176 7.15 Brief
Consideration of Metallocene Catalyst Manufacture 178 7.16 Concluding
Remarks 179 7.17 Questions 179 References 180 8 An Overview of Industrial
Polypropylene Processes 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Slurry (Suspension)
Processes 188 8.3 Bulk ("Liquid Pool") Process 189 8.4 "Loop Slurry"
Process (Chevron Phillips Chemical) 189 8.5 Gas Phase Processes 190 8.6
Solution process 194 8.7 Hybrid Processes 194 8.8 Kinetics and Reactivity
Ratios 1968.9 Emergency Stoppage of Polymerization 1988.10 Questions
199References 199 9 Laboratory Catalyst Synthesis 201 9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 General Synthesis Requirements 202 9.3 Equipment Requirements 202 9.4
Synthesis Schedule 207 9.5 Handling TiCl4 208 9.6 Handling Diethylaluminum
Chloride 209 9.7 Spent Liquids 209 9.8 Synthetic Procedure for Fourth
Generation Supported Catalyst 210 9.9 Synthetic Procedure for Second
Generation Precipitated TiCl3 Catalyst 211 9.10 Catalyst Analysis 213 9.11
Questions 213 References 214 10 Polymerization Catalyst Testing 217 10.1
Introduction 217 10.2 Facility Requirements 219 10.3 The Autoclave 221 10.4
Key Equipment Items 224 10.5 Raw Materials 225 10.6 Polymerization
Conditions 227 10.7 Autoclave Preparation 228 10.8 Polymerization Test
Procedure 228 10.9 Reproducibility 230 11 Downstream Aspects of
Polypropylene 235 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Additives 236 11.3 Fabrication
Methods 242 11.4 Biopolymers 244 11.5 Environmental 248 11.6 Questions 254
References 255 12 Overview of Polypropylene Markets 257 12.1 Introduction
257 12.2 The Supply Chain for Polypropylene 258 12.3 The Global
Polypropylene Market 261 12.4 Questions 269 References 269 13 The Future of
Polypropylene 271 13.1 Introduction 271 13.2 Key Growth Markets for
Polypropylene 272 13.3 Polypropylene and Free Markets 274 13.4 Questions
278 References 279 Appendix A 281 Appendix B 299 Appendix C 317 Index 000