The material presented in this volume is based on a series of lectures presented at an annual short course entitled "Integrated Optics" sponsored by the University of Cali fornia, Santa Barbara, in March of 1973. Each chapter has been authored by the individual lecturing on the particular subject matter con tained in that chapter. The primary intent of this book is to pro vide the students with a written version of the lecture material. The text treats a large variety of the basic structures and analysis techniques currently being employed in the rapidly growing area of technology termed…mehr
The material presented in this volume is based on a series of lectures presented at an annual short course entitled "Integrated Optics" sponsored by the University of Cali fornia, Santa Barbara, in March of 1973. Each chapter has been authored by the individual lecturing on the particular subject matter con tained in that chapter. The primary intent of this book is to pro vide the students with a written version of the lecture material. The text treats a large variety of the basic structures and analysis techniques currently being employed in the rapidly growing area of technology termed "Integrated Optics." The volume contains both material that has previously been published in scientific journals and material which has not been published elsewhere. Since the field of integrated optics is in a stage of rapid expansion, a complete coverage of all the experimental results is difficult. As a result the emphasis is placed on the funda mental theoretical ideas and experimental results. The editor gratefully acknowledges the con tributing authors and the institutions with which they are associated for their wholehearted cooperation in the preparation of this book. Particular thanks are extended to the Hughes Research Laboratories, a division of the Hughes Aircraft Company.
1 General Background Review.- 1. Maxwell's Equations.- 2. Definitions of Various Types of Medium.- 3. Wave Equation.- 4. Description of Other Material Parameters.- 5. Boundary Conditions.- 6. Fresnel Equations.- 7. Special Examples.- 8. Separation of Longitudinal and Transverse Coordinates.- 9. Definition of Various Types of Modes.- 2 Film-Waveguides and Zig Zag Waves.- I. An Introduction of Film-Waveguides-Zig Zag Waves.- II Prism-Film Couplers and Zig Zag Waves.- III Materials for Film-Waveguides and Their Losses.- 3 One-Dimensional Confinement.- 1. Guided Modes of a Slab Waveguide.- 2. Graphical Solution of the Governing Transcendental Equations.- 3. Dispersion in Thin Films.- 4 Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Marcatili's Analysis.- III Circular Harmonic Analysis.- IV Comparison of Methods.- 5 Loss Mechanisms in Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Radiation Loss.- III Bend Loss.- 6 Thin-Film Waveguide Fabrication and Testing Considerations.- I Introduction.- II Dimensional Considerations.- III Circuit Fabrication.- IV Measurement Techniques.- V Conclusion.- 7 Electron and Ion Beam Microfabrication of Integrated Optics Elements.- Electron Beam Micropattern Definition and Fabrication.- Ion Beam Sputtering for Micropattern Processing.- Scanning Electron Microscopy.- Results of Beam Microfabrication.- Conclusions and Summary.- 8 Introduction to Optical Waveguide Fibers.- I Propagation.- II Information Capacity.- III Attenuation.- 9 Fiber Optics Applications.- 1. Systems Applications.- 2. Near Term Fiber Optic Data Links.- 3. Input Coupling Losses.- 10 Coupled Mode Formalism for Guided Wave Interactions.- 1. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 2. Coupling Equation.- 3. Nonlinear Interactions.- 4. Photoelastic Coupling.- 5. Coupling by a SurfaceCorrugation.- 6. Eigen Modes of a Perturbed Waveguide.- 11 Optical Directional Couplers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 3. Dual Channel Directional Coupler - Theory and Experiment.- 4. Derivation of the Coupling Coefficient.- 5. Coupling Between Planar Guides.- 6. Coupling Between Channel Guides.- 7. Multichannel Directional Coupler - Coupling Coefficient Measurement.- 8. The Coupling Coefficient Sign.- 9. Ridged Channel Waveguides and Directional Couplers.- 10. Directional Coupler - Switch Modulator.- 11. Light Multiplexing by Directional Coupling.- 12. Appendix I.- 12 Periodic Couplers.- I Introduction.- II Direct Analysis of Beam Coupling.- III Reciprocal Analysis of Periodic Couplers.- IV Design Considerations.- 13 Modulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modulation Analysis.- 3. Modulator Characteristics.- 4. Characteristics of Other Modulation Techniques.- 5. Circuit Aspects of Modulators.- 6. An Example.- 14 Acousto-Optical Interactions in Guided Wave Structures.- I Introduction.- II Reviews of Acousto-Optic Interactions.- III Acousto-Optic Interaction in Guided Wave Structure - Analysis.- IV Acousto-Optic Interactions in Guided Wave Structures - Experimental Results and Discussions.- V Device Parameters for Acousto-Optic Devices.- VI Device Applications and Conclusions.- 15 Laser Source Considerations in Integrated Optics.- I Introduction.- II Resonant Feedback Structures.- III The Active Medium.- Appendix - Derivation of Eqs. (5) and (13).
1 General Background Review.- 1. Maxwell's Equations.- 2. Definitions of Various Types of Medium.- 3. Wave Equation.- 4. Description of Other Material Parameters.- 5. Boundary Conditions.- 6. Fresnel Equations.- 7. Special Examples.- 8. Separation of Longitudinal and Transverse Coordinates.- 9. Definition of Various Types of Modes.- 2 Film-Waveguides and Zig Zag Waves.- I. An Introduction of Film-Waveguides-Zig Zag Waves.- II Prism-Film Couplers and Zig Zag Waves.- III Materials for Film-Waveguides and Their Losses.- 3 One-Dimensional Confinement.- 1. Guided Modes of a Slab Waveguide.- 2. Graphical Solution of the Governing Transcendental Equations.- 3. Dispersion in Thin Films.- 4 Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Marcatili's Analysis.- III Circular Harmonic Analysis.- IV Comparison of Methods.- 5 Loss Mechanisms in Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Radiation Loss.- III Bend Loss.- 6 Thin-Film Waveguide Fabrication and Testing Considerations.- I Introduction.- II Dimensional Considerations.- III Circuit Fabrication.- IV Measurement Techniques.- V Conclusion.- 7 Electron and Ion Beam Microfabrication of Integrated Optics Elements.- Electron Beam Micropattern Definition and Fabrication.- Ion Beam Sputtering for Micropattern Processing.- Scanning Electron Microscopy.- Results of Beam Microfabrication.- Conclusions and Summary.- 8 Introduction to Optical Waveguide Fibers.- I Propagation.- II Information Capacity.- III Attenuation.- 9 Fiber Optics Applications.- 1. Systems Applications.- 2. Near Term Fiber Optic Data Links.- 3. Input Coupling Losses.- 10 Coupled Mode Formalism for Guided Wave Interactions.- 1. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 2. Coupling Equation.- 3. Nonlinear Interactions.- 4. Photoelastic Coupling.- 5. Coupling by a SurfaceCorrugation.- 6. Eigen Modes of a Perturbed Waveguide.- 11 Optical Directional Couplers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 3. Dual Channel Directional Coupler - Theory and Experiment.- 4. Derivation of the Coupling Coefficient.- 5. Coupling Between Planar Guides.- 6. Coupling Between Channel Guides.- 7. Multichannel Directional Coupler - Coupling Coefficient Measurement.- 8. The Coupling Coefficient Sign.- 9. Ridged Channel Waveguides and Directional Couplers.- 10. Directional Coupler - Switch Modulator.- 11. Light Multiplexing by Directional Coupling.- 12. Appendix I.- 12 Periodic Couplers.- I Introduction.- II Direct Analysis of Beam Coupling.- III Reciprocal Analysis of Periodic Couplers.- IV Design Considerations.- 13 Modulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modulation Analysis.- 3. Modulator Characteristics.- 4. Characteristics of Other Modulation Techniques.- 5. Circuit Aspects of Modulators.- 6. An Example.- 14 Acousto-Optical Interactions in Guided Wave Structures.- I Introduction.- II Reviews of Acousto-Optic Interactions.- III Acousto-Optic Interaction in Guided Wave Structure - Analysis.- IV Acousto-Optic Interactions in Guided Wave Structures - Experimental Results and Discussions.- V Device Parameters for Acousto-Optic Devices.- VI Device Applications and Conclusions.- 15 Laser Source Considerations in Integrated Optics.- I Introduction.- II Resonant Feedback Structures.- III The Active Medium.- Appendix - Derivation of Eqs. (5) and (13).
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