Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe. Muslim world, Latin translations of the 12th century, Arab-Norman culture, Norman conquest of southern Italy, Sharia, Norman law, Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam, Astronomy in medieval Islam, Mathematics in medieval Islam, Early Islamic philosophy, Islamic astrology, Maragheh observatory, Medicine in medieval Islam, Bimaristan, Islam and science, Geography in medieval Islam, Ophthalmology in medieval Islam, Fiqh, Arabic literature, Persian literature, Avicennism, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Arab transmission of the Classics to the West, Influence of Arabic on other languages, List of Arabic loanwords in English.