The discoveries of organometallic catalysts for olefin polymerization by Karl Ziegler and that of stereoregular olefin polymers by Giulio Natta are probably the two most important achievements in the areas of catalysis and polymer chemistry in the second half of this century. They led to the development of a new branch of chemical industry, and to a large volume production of high-density and linear low-density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, ethylene-propylene rubbers, isotactic poly I-butene, and poly-4-methyl-l-pentene. These discoveries merited the Nobel prize, which was awarded to…mehr
The discoveries of organometallic catalysts for olefin polymerization by Karl Ziegler and that of stereoregular olefin polymers by Giulio Natta are probably the two most important achievements in the areas of catalysis and polymer chemistry in the second half of this century. They led to the development of a new branch of chemical industry, and to a large volume production of high-density and linear low-density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, ethylene-propylene rubbers, isotactic poly I-butene, and poly-4-methyl-l-pentene. These discoveries merited the Nobel prize, which was awarded to K. Ziegler and G. Natta in 1963. The initial works of Ziegler and Natta were followed by an "explosion" of scientific papers and patents covering all aspects of polymerization chemistry, catalyst synthesis, and polymerization kinetics as well as the structural, chemical, physical, and technological characteristics of stereo regular polyolefins, polydienes, and olefin copolymers. It is sufficient to say that in the twenty-five years after the first publications more than 15,000 papers and patents appeared on subjects related to the area. . The development brought about the establishment of several prominent groups of scientists occupied with the study of olefin polymerization. The most important of these were scientific schools in Italy, Germany, England, the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Venezuela. In addition, many major chemical and petrochemical corporations throughout the world established labora tories devoted to the development of the technology of catalyst synthesis and olefin polymerization.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
I Kinetics of Olefin Polymerization with Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. I 1 Polymerization Kinetics: General Description. I 2 Phenomenological Kinetic Scheme of Olefin Polymerization. I 3 Molecular Weight Growth in the Beginning of a Polymerization Reaction and the Estimation of the Propagation Rate Constants. I 4 Estimation of Propagation Rate Constants from the Kinetics of Consecutive and Statistical Olefin Copolymerization. I 5 Principal Kinetic Parameters for Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization. II Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts: Chemistry and Kinetics of the Formation and Functioning of Active Centers. II 1 Structure of Solid Components of Ziegler Natta Catalysts. II 2 Formation of Active Center of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. II 3 Attempts to Study Active Centers Directly. II 4 Organometallic Compounds and Catalyst Activity. II 5 Effects of Catalyst Poisons and Modifiers. The Measurement of Active Center Concentration 153. II 6 Concentration of Active Centers and Their Location in the Heterogeneous Catalysts. II 7 Origins of Catalyst Instability. II 8 Monomer Coordination Stage: Its Chemical and Kinetic Manifestations. III Stereospecificity of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. III 1 Chemistry of Olefin Polymerization. III 2 Methods of Measurement of polyolefin Stereoregularity. III 3 Enantiomorphous Statistical Model of Stereospecific Olefin and its Experimental Polymerization Proof. III 4 Statistics of Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization on Stereospecific Active Centers. III 5 Parameters Characterizing the Stereo regulative Ability of Active Centers. III 6 Effect of Transition Metal Compounds on Catalyst Stereo specificity. III 7 Effect of Organometallic Compounds on Catalyst Stereospecificity. III 8 Temperature Effect on Catalyst Stereo specificity and the Reaction Pathway of the Propagation Step. III 9 Role of Catalyst Modification. III 10 Stereoregularity and Stereoelective Polymerization. III 11 Stereoregularity of Monomer Sequences in Olefin Copolymers. IV Inhomogeneity of Active Centers of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. IV 1 Distribution of Active Centers with Different Stereospecificity. IV 2 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyolefins and the Distribution of Propagation Rate Constants. IV 3 Compositional Inhomogeneity of Olefin Copolymers and Active Center Distribution with Respect to Reactivity. V Mechanism of Isospecific Olefin Polymerization. V 1 Chemical Mechanism of Olefin Polymerization: Olefin Insertion Reaction into the ? Metal Bond. V 2 Intimate Mechanism of the Olefin Insertion Reaction. V 3 Molecular Orbital Calculations of the Propagation Step. V 4 Mechanism of Isospecific Chain Growth. V 5 Concluding Remarks on the Polymerization Mechanism.
I Kinetics of Olefin Polymerization with Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- I-1 Polymerization Kinetics: General Description.- I-2 Phenomenological Kinetic Scheme of Olefin Polymerization.- I-3 Molecular Weight Growth in the Beginning of a Polymerization Reaction and the Estimation of the Propagation Rate Constants.- I-4 Estimation of Propagation Rate Constants from the Kinetics of Consecutive and Statistical Olefin Copolymerization.- I-5 Principal Kinetic Parameters for Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization.- II Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts: Chemistry and Kinetics of the Formation and Functioning of Active Centers.- II-1 Structure of Solid Components of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- II-2 Formation of Active Center of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- II-3 Attempts to Study Active Centers Directly.- II-4 Organometallic Compounds and Catalyst Activity.- II-5 Effects of Catalyst Poisons and Modifiers. The Measurement of Active Center Concentration 153.- II-6 Concentration of Active Centers and Their Location in the Heterogeneous Catalysts.- II-7 Origins of Catalyst Instability.- II-8 Monomer Coordination Stage: Its Chemical and Kinetic Manifestations.- III Stereospecificity of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- III-1 Chemistry of Olefin Polymerization.- III-2 Methods of Measurement of polyolefin Stereoregularity.- III-3 Enantiomorphous Statistical Model of Stereospecific Olefin and its Experimental Polymerization Proof.- III-4 Statistics of Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization on Stereospecific Active Centers.- III-5 Parameters Characterizing the Stereo regulative Ability of Active Centers.- III-6 Effect of Transition Metal Compounds on Catalyst Stereo specificity.- III-7 Effect of Organometallic Compounds on Catalyst Stereospecificity.- III-8 Temperature Effect on Catalyst Stereo specificity and the Reaction Pathway of the Propagation Step.- III-9 Role of Catalyst Modification.- III-10 Stereoregularity and Stereoelective Polymerization.- III-11 Stereoregularity of Monomer Sequences in Olefin Copolymers.- IV Inhomogeneity of Active Centers of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts.- IV-1 Distribution of Active Centers with Different Stereospecificity.- IV-2 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyolefins and the Distribution of Propagation Rate Constants.- IV-3 Compositional Inhomogeneity of Olefin Copolymers and Active Center Distribution with Respect to Reactivity.- V Mechanism of Isospecific Olefin Polymerization.- V-1 Chemical Mechanism of Olefin Polymerization: Olefin Insertion Reaction into the ?-Metal-Bond.- V-2 Intimate Mechanism of the Olefin Insertion Reaction.- V-3 Molecular Orbital Calculations of the Propagation Step.- V-4 Mechanism of Isospecific Chain Growth.- V-5 Concluding Remarks on the Polymerization Mechanism.
I Kinetics of Olefin Polymerization with Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. I 1 Polymerization Kinetics: General Description. I 2 Phenomenological Kinetic Scheme of Olefin Polymerization. I 3 Molecular Weight Growth in the Beginning of a Polymerization Reaction and the Estimation of the Propagation Rate Constants. I 4 Estimation of Propagation Rate Constants from the Kinetics of Consecutive and Statistical Olefin Copolymerization. I 5 Principal Kinetic Parameters for Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization. II Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts: Chemistry and Kinetics of the Formation and Functioning of Active Centers. II 1 Structure of Solid Components of Ziegler Natta Catalysts. II 2 Formation of Active Center of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. II 3 Attempts to Study Active Centers Directly. II 4 Organometallic Compounds and Catalyst Activity. II 5 Effects of Catalyst Poisons and Modifiers. The Measurement of Active Center Concentration 153. II 6 Concentration of Active Centers and Their Location in the Heterogeneous Catalysts. II 7 Origins of Catalyst Instability. II 8 Monomer Coordination Stage: Its Chemical and Kinetic Manifestations. III Stereospecificity of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. III 1 Chemistry of Olefin Polymerization. III 2 Methods of Measurement of polyolefin Stereoregularity. III 3 Enantiomorphous Statistical Model of Stereospecific Olefin and its Experimental Polymerization Proof. III 4 Statistics of Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization on Stereospecific Active Centers. III 5 Parameters Characterizing the Stereo regulative Ability of Active Centers. III 6 Effect of Transition Metal Compounds on Catalyst Stereo specificity. III 7 Effect of Organometallic Compounds on Catalyst Stereospecificity. III 8 Temperature Effect on Catalyst Stereo specificity and the Reaction Pathway of the Propagation Step. III 9 Role of Catalyst Modification. III 10 Stereoregularity and Stereoelective Polymerization. III 11 Stereoregularity of Monomer Sequences in Olefin Copolymers. IV Inhomogeneity of Active Centers of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts. IV 1 Distribution of Active Centers with Different Stereospecificity. IV 2 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyolefins and the Distribution of Propagation Rate Constants. IV 3 Compositional Inhomogeneity of Olefin Copolymers and Active Center Distribution with Respect to Reactivity. V Mechanism of Isospecific Olefin Polymerization. V 1 Chemical Mechanism of Olefin Polymerization: Olefin Insertion Reaction into the ? Metal Bond. V 2 Intimate Mechanism of the Olefin Insertion Reaction. V 3 Molecular Orbital Calculations of the Propagation Step. V 4 Mechanism of Isospecific Chain Growth. V 5 Concluding Remarks on the Polymerization Mechanism.
I Kinetics of Olefin Polymerization with Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- I-1 Polymerization Kinetics: General Description.- I-2 Phenomenological Kinetic Scheme of Olefin Polymerization.- I-3 Molecular Weight Growth in the Beginning of a Polymerization Reaction and the Estimation of the Propagation Rate Constants.- I-4 Estimation of Propagation Rate Constants from the Kinetics of Consecutive and Statistical Olefin Copolymerization.- I-5 Principal Kinetic Parameters for Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization.- II Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts: Chemistry and Kinetics of the Formation and Functioning of Active Centers.- II-1 Structure of Solid Components of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- II-2 Formation of Active Center of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- II-3 Attempts to Study Active Centers Directly.- II-4 Organometallic Compounds and Catalyst Activity.- II-5 Effects of Catalyst Poisons and Modifiers. The Measurement of Active Center Concentration 153.- II-6 Concentration of Active Centers and Their Location in the Heterogeneous Catalysts.- II-7 Origins of Catalyst Instability.- II-8 Monomer Coordination Stage: Its Chemical and Kinetic Manifestations.- III Stereospecificity of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.- III-1 Chemistry of Olefin Polymerization.- III-2 Methods of Measurement of polyolefin Stereoregularity.- III-3 Enantiomorphous Statistical Model of Stereospecific Olefin and its Experimental Polymerization Proof.- III-4 Statistics of Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization on Stereospecific Active Centers.- III-5 Parameters Characterizing the Stereo regulative Ability of Active Centers.- III-6 Effect of Transition Metal Compounds on Catalyst Stereo specificity.- III-7 Effect of Organometallic Compounds on Catalyst Stereospecificity.- III-8 Temperature Effect on Catalyst Stereo specificity and the Reaction Pathway of the Propagation Step.- III-9 Role of Catalyst Modification.- III-10 Stereoregularity and Stereoelective Polymerization.- III-11 Stereoregularity of Monomer Sequences in Olefin Copolymers.- IV Inhomogeneity of Active Centers of Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts.- IV-1 Distribution of Active Centers with Different Stereospecificity.- IV-2 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyolefins and the Distribution of Propagation Rate Constants.- IV-3 Compositional Inhomogeneity of Olefin Copolymers and Active Center Distribution with Respect to Reactivity.- V Mechanism of Isospecific Olefin Polymerization.- V-1 Chemical Mechanism of Olefin Polymerization: Olefin Insertion Reaction into the ?-Metal-Bond.- V-2 Intimate Mechanism of the Olefin Insertion Reaction.- V-3 Molecular Orbital Calculations of the Propagation Step.- V-4 Mechanism of Isospecific Chain Growth.- V-5 Concluding Remarks on the Polymerization Mechanism.
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