Lake Alchichica Limnology
The Uniqueness of a Tropical Maar Lake
Herausgegeben:Alcocer, Javier
Lake Alchichica Limnology
The Uniqueness of a Tropical Maar Lake
Herausgegeben:Alcocer, Javier
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The book provides a comprehensive account of a tropical lake, Alchichica, considering that tropical limnology is by far less known and well-understood than temperate. Many of the well-known temperate limnology paradigms do not apply in tropical limnology, such as the 1ºC/m thermocline concept, or the role of phosphorous as a limiting nutrient. Lake Alchichica is - most likely - the best limnologically known Mexican lake up to date. Twenty years of continuous monitoring has led us to understand this deep, warm monomictic lake. The peculiar chemical composition of this saline lake -…mehr
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The book provides a comprehensive account of a tropical lake, Alchichica, considering that tropical limnology is by far less known and well-understood than temperate. Many of the well-known temperate limnology paradigms do not apply in tropical limnology, such as the 1ºC/m thermocline concept, or the role of phosphorous as a limiting nutrient. Lake Alchichica is - most likely - the best limnologically known Mexican lake up to date. Twenty years of continuous monitoring has led us to understand this deep, warm monomictic lake. The peculiar chemical composition of this saline lake - sodium-alkaline with a high concentration in magnesium waters, and groundwater-fed - led to the formation of its unique stromatolite ring that has become world-famous, studied by scientists from various countries. From a biological point of view, this relatively small maar lake displays a comparatively low species richness but surprisingly is plentiful in microendemic species for a recently-formed lake (13,000-6,300 years old, at the Late Pleistocene/Holocene Epoch), eleven of which already described, with more to come. Researchers and students interested in tropical limnology, extreme ecosystems, evolutionary biology, astrobiology, and microbiology will find this book a must-read.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Springer / Springer International Publishing / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-030-79098-1
- 1st ed. 2022
- Seitenzahl: 456
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. März 2023
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 694g
- ISBN-13: 9783030790981
- ISBN-10: 3030790983
- Artikelnr.: 67403866
- Verlag: Springer / Springer International Publishing / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-030-79098-1
- 1st ed. 2022
- Seitenzahl: 456
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. März 2023
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 694g
- ISBN-13: 9783030790981
- ISBN-10: 3030790983
- Artikelnr.: 67403866
Javier Alcocer graduated at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico (1981; MSc.: 1988 & DSc.: 1995, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), biologist, limnologist. He has been studying tropical epicontinental water bodies, including lentic and lotic; was founder and president of the Asociación Mexicana de Limnología, and the Grupo de Limnología Tropical of the FES Iztacala. He is also the coordinator of the Alchichica Lake Group of the Red Mexicana de Estudios Ecológicos a Largo Plazo, the Mexican branch of ILTER. He is Investigador Nacional III of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores.
Chapter 1
Lake Alchichica: History of Human Settlements
Ismael Arturo Montero-García and Roberto Esteban Junco-Sánchez
Abstract
Key words
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prehispanic Records
1.3 Colonial Period
1.4. 19th and 20th Centuries
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez and Boris Chako-Tchamabé
Abstract
Key words
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regional Geological Setting
2.3 Maar Crater Lakes: Origin and Mechanisms of Formation
2.4 Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Alchichica Crater
2.5 Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Paleoenvironmental Change in Central Mexico During the Last 20,000 Years
Margarita Caballero, Ma. del Socorro Lozano-García and Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero
Abstract
Key words
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Quaternary Climatic Variability
3.3. Overview of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Central Mexico Since the Last Glacial Maximum
3.3.1 Full Glacial (20,000 to 15,000 yr BP)
3.3.2 Deglaciation (15,000 - 11,700 yr BP)
3.3.3 Holocene (last 11,700 yr BP)
3.4 Lake Aljojuca: A Record of Climatic Variability During the Meghalayan in the Cuenca de Oriental
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Recent Climate of Serdán-Oriental Basin
Raúl Alberto Silva-Aguilera, Óscar Escolero and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Key words
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate in Serdán-Oriental Basin
4.3 Vegetation
4.4 Temperature and Precipitation Seasonality and Annual Variability
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Serdán-Oriental Basin and the Lake Alchichica
Raúl A. Silva-Aguilera, Gloria Vilaclara, María Aurora Armienta and Óscar Escolero
Abstract
Key words
5.1 The Catchment Area: Surface and Groundwater
5.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater in the Vicinity of Lake Alchichica
5.3 Past and Present Hydrochemical Characteristics
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6
Meteorological Regime, Local Climate, and Hydrodynamics of Lake Alchichica
Anatoliy Filonov, Irina Tereshchenko, Maria del Refugio Barba-Lopez, Javier Alcocer and Lydia Ladah
Abstract
Key words
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Hydrodynamic modeling in Lake Alchichica
6.2 Local climatology
6.2.1 Variability from one hour to a day (2002-2005)
6.2.2 Synoptic variability
6.2.3 Seasonal variability
6.2.4 Interannual variability
6.2.5 The effect of rain on lake stratification
6.3 Bathymetry and morphology
6.4. Hydrodynamics (measurements and modeling)
6.4.1 Lake level and current fluctuations
6.4.2 Internal waves in the lake
6.4.2.1. Fluctuations of water along the line of hydrological survey
6.4.2.2 Stratification
6.4.2.3 Temperature fluctuations in two separate points (moorings 1 and 2)
6.4.2.4 The speed of currents caused by internal waves
6.4.2.5 Trajectories of beams
6.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Physicochemical Characteristics
Javier Alcocer, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval, Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias, M. Guadalupe Pérez-Ramírez
Abstract
Key words
7.1 Underwater Light Climate
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.1.1 Photosynthetic Active Radiation
7.1.1.1 Secchi Disk Depth
7.1.1.2 Euphotic Zone
7.1.2 Ultraviolet Radiation
References
7.2 Temperature and the Thermal Regime
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.2.1 Temperature
7.2.2 The Thermal Regime
7.2.3 Temperature Diel Cycle
References
7.3 Dissolved Oxygen
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
7.3.2 Anoxic Layer
7.3.3 DO Diel Cycle
References
7.4. Nutrients
Jorge A. Ramirez-Zierold, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Andrea P. Guzman-Arias, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval and M.G. Perez-Ramirez
7.4.1 Phosphorous
7.4.2. Nitrogen
7.4.3 Silica
7.4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry
References
7.5 Dissolved and particulate carbon
Daniela Cortés Guzmán, Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.5.1 Dissolved carbon
7.5.1.1 Total Dissolved Carbon
7.5.1.2. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
7.5.1.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon
7.5.2 Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.1 Total Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon
7.5.2.3 Particulate Inorganic Carbon
7.5.2.4 DOC:POC Relationship
References
Chapter 8
The Littoral Environment
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
Abstract
Key words
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water Physical and Chemical Properties
8.3 Sediment Characteristics
8.4 Environmental Heterogeneity and Habitats
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9
Aquatic Vegetation
Elia Matías-Hernández and Pedro Ramírez-García
Abstract
Key words
9.1 Hydrophytes. Definition and Delimitation of the Group
9.2 Aquatic Flora and Vegetation of Mexico
9.3 Hydrophyte Flora of Lake Alchichica. Composition and Distribution
9.3.1 Cyperaceae
9.3.2 Juncaceae
9.3.3 Ruppiaceae
9.4 Subaquatic and Submerged Vegetation of Lake Alchichica
9.5 Importance and Conservation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
The Littoral Community
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
Abstract
Key words
10.1 The littoral zoobenthos
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
10.1.1 Background studies
10.1.2 Structure: Composition and Richness
10.1.3 Distribution and Seasonal Variations
10.1.4 Function and Trophic Complexity
10.1.5 Cryptic fauna
References
10.2 Littoral heterotrophic protist
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Javier Alcocer and Elva Escobar
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Trophic groups
References
10.3 Littoral diatoms
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Ma. del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Species Richness
10.3.3 Temporal, Spatial, and by Substrate Variation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11
Bacterioplankton
Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Miroslav Macek, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Juan Arellano-Posadas and Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Key words
11.1 Study approaches
11.1.1 Microscopic Techniques (Direct Counts, FISH)
11.1.2 Culture-Independent Gene Marker Surveys
11.2 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Heterotrophic Picoplankton
11.3 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Photosynthetic Anoxygenic Bacteria
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12
Phytoplankton of Alchichica: A Unique Community for an Oligotrophic Lake
Gloria Vilaclara, María Guadalupe Oliva-Martínez, Miroslav Macek, Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Cecilia López- Vázquez
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 The Phytoplankton of Lake Alchichica
12.2 Picophytoplankton
12.3 Nano- and Microphytoplankton
12.3.1 Particularities on the Composition of the Lake Alchichica's Larger Phytoplankton
12.3.2 A Yearly Dynamics for Phytoplankton
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Protozooplankton
Miroslav Macek, Ximena Sánchez-Medina, Gloria Vilaclara, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Fernando Bautista-Reyes and Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Flagellates
13.3 Ciliates as the Dominant Protozooplankton in the Warm Monomictic and Picophytoplankton-Rich Lake Alchichica
13.3.1 Saline- or freshwater communities?
13.4.1 Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Ciliate Assemblages: Are There True Pelagic Ciliates in the Anaerobic Hypolimnion?
13.4 Protozoan Interactions. What We Know About the Protozooplankton Feeding: Predator-Prey Interactions within Protozooplankton, Prokaryoplankton, and Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14
Metazooplankton: The Joys and Challenges of Living in a Saline, Oligotrophic, Warm Monomictic Lake
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, José Arturo Alcántara-Rodríguez, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Aideé Montiel-Martínez and Jorge Ciros-Pérez
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diversity and Taxonomic Issues
14.2.1 Brachionus sp. 'Mexico'
14.2.2 Hexarthra cf. jenkinae
14.2.3 Leptodiaptomus garciai
14.3 Temporal and Spatial Variation
14.3.1 Metazooplankton Density
14.3.2 Metazooplankton Biomass
14.4 Facing the Saline Environment
14.5 Resource Availability
14.6 On the Avoidance of Light and Visual Predation
14.6.1 Leptodiaptomus: A Normal DVM Pattern Limited by the Anoxic Hypolimnion
14.6.2 Brachionus and Hexarthra: The Law of the Least Effort
14.7 Lake Alchichica and the Evolution of Life-History Traits
14.7.1 Environmental Conditions Favor the Loss of Diapause Propagules
14.7.2 Leptodiaptomus: Phenotypic Plasticity to Temperature and Food
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15
Alchichica Silverside
Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Elsah Arce Uribe, Gerardo Pérez Ponce de León and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Atherinopsidae: Poblana alchichica
15.3 Distribution and Abundance
15.4 Growth and Reproduction
15.5 Trophic Aspects
15.6 Parasites of Poblana alchichica
15.7 Fishing Technique and Local Consumption
15.8 Conservation Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16
The Axolotl of Alchichica
Gabriela Parra-Olea, Rafael Alejandro Calzada-Arciniega, Víctor H. Jiménez-Arcos and Omar Hernádez-Ordóñez
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Amphibians from Lake Alchichica and nearby zones
16.3 Aquatic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma
16.3.1 Ambystoma taylori Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
16.3.2 Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888
16.4 Ambystoma velasci in the Cuenca Oriental
16.5 Conservation of Ambystoma species in the Cuenca Oriental
16.6 Other amphibians of the Oriental Basin
16.6.1 Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
16.6.2 Hyla eximia Baird, 1854
16.6.3 Hyla plicata Brocchi, 1877
16.6.4 Rana chichicuahutla Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz, and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996
16.6.5 Rana spectabilis Hillis and Frost, 1985
16.6.6 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863)
16.6.7 Pseudoeurycea sp.
16.7 Discussion
16.7.1 Amphibians of the Cuenca Oriental
16.7.2 Amphibian declines, and Ambystoma taylori
16.7.3 Chytridiomycosis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17
The Deep Benthic Zone
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera and María del Carmen Hernández
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Deepwater Physical and Chemical Properties
17.3 Deep Sediment Characteristics
17.4 Deep Benthos
17.4.1 Structure: Composition and Richness
17.4.2 Distribution and Seasonal Variations (Abundance and Biomass)
17.4.3 Population Structure
17.4.3.1 Candona alchichica
17.4.3.2 Chironomus alchichica
17.4.4 Strategies for Coping with Anoxia
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18
Lake Metabolism
Javier Alcocer, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniel Cuevas-Lara, Sandra Guadarrama-Hernández and Benjamín Quiróz-Martínez
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Primary Production and Respiration
18.2.1 The Light and Dark Bottles Method
18.2.2 In situ Natural Fluorescence Method
18.2.3 Long-Term Phytoplankton Primary Production
18.3 Chlorophyll
18.3.1 In situ Natural Fluorescence
18.3.2 Extracted Chl-a
18.3.3 The DCM
18.3.4 Size-Fractionated Chlorophyll
18.4 New and Regenerated Production
18.5 Nutrient Limitation of Primary Productivity
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19
Lake Food Webs
Elva Escobar and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Water Column
19.2.1 Microbial Loop
19.2.2 Microbial-Herbivorous Food Web
19.3 Pelagic-Benthic Coupling
19.4 The Deep Zone
19.5 Littoral Zone
19.6 Conclusions
19.7 Next Steps
References
Chapter 20
Diversity and Endemisms
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Gloria Vilaclara, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Miroslav Macek
Abstract
Keywords
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diversity and Endemic Species: A Fascinating, Never-Ending Story
20.3 How Many Species Do We Know In Lake Alchichica?
20.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21
Conservation Actions
Elva Escobar, Verónica A. Arellano-Peralta, Verónica Aguilar-Sierra and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Background Studies
21.3 Endemism and Conservation
21.4 Priority Hydrological Regions (RHP-CONABIO)
21.5 Long-Term Ecological Research Network
21.6 Protected Species
21.7 Protected Natural Area
21.8 Environmental Issues
21.8.1 Modification of the Water Dynamics of the Basin
21.8.2 Pollution
21.8.3 Introduction of Exotic Species and Extraction of Biota
21.8.4 Lake Alchichica Menaces
21.9 Conservation Prospects
21.10 Rationale for Prioritizing Biodiversity Conservation
21.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22
Microbialites: Diversity Hotspots in the Mexican Plateau
Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo, Bernardo Águila, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Carla M. Centeno, Margarita Reyes-Salas, Sonia Angeles-García, Yislem Beltrán, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Hoi-Ying N. Holman and Luisa I. Falcón
Abstract
Keywords
22.1 Overview
22.2 Research History
22.3 Microbialite Microbiology: Microbialites are Active Communities
22.4 Microbialites in Deep Waters
22.5 Cyanobacteria: Main Components of Microbialites
22.6 Biomineral Structures
22.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
22.7.1 Nitrogen Cycling
22.7.2 Phosphorus Cycling
22.7.3 Sulfur Cycling
22.7.4 Trace Metal-Microbe Interactions
22.8 Biodiversity Conservation Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23
The Lake Alchichica from an Astrobiological Perspective
Karina Elizabeth Cervantes-de la Cruz, Elizabeth Chacón Baca and Lilia Montoya
Abstract
Keywords
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Search for Life in the Solar System Begins on Earth
23.2.1 Extreme Environments and Habitability
23.2.2 Extreme Environments as Analog Environments
23.3 Biomarkers: Direct and Indirect Indicators of Life
23.3.1 Chemical Signals of Ancient Activity
23.3.2 Geological and Morphological Imprints
23.4 The Lake Alchichica Seen as a Planetary Feature
23.4.1 General Features
23.4.2 Geologic Origin and Evolution of Lake Alchichica
23.4.3 Hydration of Volcanic Glass
23.4.4 Morphometry of Lake Alchichica
23.5 The Analogies of Lake Alchichica with Terrestrial and Icy Worlds in the Solar System
23.5.1 Maar Systems in Mars and Titan
23.5.2 The Lake Alchichica as an Analogous Environment of Enceladus Ocean
23.6 Geobiological Processes in Lake Alchichica: Implications for Life in the Precambrian
23.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24
Lake Alchichica Traditions, Myths, and Legends: Interviews with Local Residents
Verónica A. Arellano Peralta, Ángel Arellano Peralta and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
24.1 Introduction
24.2 A Lake with Blue and Green Hues
24.3 A Glimpse of the Past
24.4 The Silver-Haired Mermaid and the Goblins ("Duendes")
24.5 The Charms
24.6 Lake Alchichica, a UFO Base
24.7 The Infestation of Tiger Salamanders
24.8 Water Snake and Rain of Silversides ("charales")
24.9 Living Next to the Crater
24.10 The Giant Axolotl of Alchichica
24.11 La Llorona
24.12 The Ancient City of Cantona
Acknowledgments
Lake Alchichica: History of Human Settlements
Ismael Arturo Montero-García and Roberto Esteban Junco-Sánchez
Abstract
Key words
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prehispanic Records
1.3 Colonial Period
1.4. 19th and 20th Centuries
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez and Boris Chako-Tchamabé
Abstract
Key words
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regional Geological Setting
2.3 Maar Crater Lakes: Origin and Mechanisms of Formation
2.4 Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Alchichica Crater
2.5 Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Paleoenvironmental Change in Central Mexico During the Last 20,000 Years
Margarita Caballero, Ma. del Socorro Lozano-García and Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero
Abstract
Key words
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Quaternary Climatic Variability
3.3. Overview of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Central Mexico Since the Last Glacial Maximum
3.3.1 Full Glacial (20,000 to 15,000 yr BP)
3.3.2 Deglaciation (15,000 - 11,700 yr BP)
3.3.3 Holocene (last 11,700 yr BP)
3.4 Lake Aljojuca: A Record of Climatic Variability During the Meghalayan in the Cuenca de Oriental
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Recent Climate of Serdán-Oriental Basin
Raúl Alberto Silva-Aguilera, Óscar Escolero and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Key words
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate in Serdán-Oriental Basin
4.3 Vegetation
4.4 Temperature and Precipitation Seasonality and Annual Variability
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Serdán-Oriental Basin and the Lake Alchichica
Raúl A. Silva-Aguilera, Gloria Vilaclara, María Aurora Armienta and Óscar Escolero
Abstract
Key words
5.1 The Catchment Area: Surface and Groundwater
5.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater in the Vicinity of Lake Alchichica
5.3 Past and Present Hydrochemical Characteristics
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6
Meteorological Regime, Local Climate, and Hydrodynamics of Lake Alchichica
Anatoliy Filonov, Irina Tereshchenko, Maria del Refugio Barba-Lopez, Javier Alcocer and Lydia Ladah
Abstract
Key words
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Hydrodynamic modeling in Lake Alchichica
6.2 Local climatology
6.2.1 Variability from one hour to a day (2002-2005)
6.2.2 Synoptic variability
6.2.3 Seasonal variability
6.2.4 Interannual variability
6.2.5 The effect of rain on lake stratification
6.3 Bathymetry and morphology
6.4. Hydrodynamics (measurements and modeling)
6.4.1 Lake level and current fluctuations
6.4.2 Internal waves in the lake
6.4.2.1. Fluctuations of water along the line of hydrological survey
6.4.2.2 Stratification
6.4.2.3 Temperature fluctuations in two separate points (moorings 1 and 2)
6.4.2.4 The speed of currents caused by internal waves
6.4.2.5 Trajectories of beams
6.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Physicochemical Characteristics
Javier Alcocer, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval, Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias, M. Guadalupe Pérez-Ramírez
Abstract
Key words
7.1 Underwater Light Climate
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.1.1 Photosynthetic Active Radiation
7.1.1.1 Secchi Disk Depth
7.1.1.2 Euphotic Zone
7.1.2 Ultraviolet Radiation
References
7.2 Temperature and the Thermal Regime
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.2.1 Temperature
7.2.2 The Thermal Regime
7.2.3 Temperature Diel Cycle
References
7.3 Dissolved Oxygen
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
7.3.2 Anoxic Layer
7.3.3 DO Diel Cycle
References
7.4. Nutrients
Jorge A. Ramirez-Zierold, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Andrea P. Guzman-Arias, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval and M.G. Perez-Ramirez
7.4.1 Phosphorous
7.4.2. Nitrogen
7.4.3 Silica
7.4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry
References
7.5 Dissolved and particulate carbon
Daniela Cortés Guzmán, Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.5.1 Dissolved carbon
7.5.1.1 Total Dissolved Carbon
7.5.1.2. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
7.5.1.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon
7.5.2 Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.1 Total Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon
7.5.2.3 Particulate Inorganic Carbon
7.5.2.4 DOC:POC Relationship
References
Chapter 8
The Littoral Environment
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
Abstract
Key words
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water Physical and Chemical Properties
8.3 Sediment Characteristics
8.4 Environmental Heterogeneity and Habitats
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9
Aquatic Vegetation
Elia Matías-Hernández and Pedro Ramírez-García
Abstract
Key words
9.1 Hydrophytes. Definition and Delimitation of the Group
9.2 Aquatic Flora and Vegetation of Mexico
9.3 Hydrophyte Flora of Lake Alchichica. Composition and Distribution
9.3.1 Cyperaceae
9.3.2 Juncaceae
9.3.3 Ruppiaceae
9.4 Subaquatic and Submerged Vegetation of Lake Alchichica
9.5 Importance and Conservation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
The Littoral Community
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
Abstract
Key words
10.1 The littoral zoobenthos
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
10.1.1 Background studies
10.1.2 Structure: Composition and Richness
10.1.3 Distribution and Seasonal Variations
10.1.4 Function and Trophic Complexity
10.1.5 Cryptic fauna
References
10.2 Littoral heterotrophic protist
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Javier Alcocer and Elva Escobar
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Trophic groups
References
10.3 Littoral diatoms
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Ma. del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Species Richness
10.3.3 Temporal, Spatial, and by Substrate Variation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11
Bacterioplankton
Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Miroslav Macek, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Juan Arellano-Posadas and Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Key words
11.1 Study approaches
11.1.1 Microscopic Techniques (Direct Counts, FISH)
11.1.2 Culture-Independent Gene Marker Surveys
11.2 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Heterotrophic Picoplankton
11.3 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Photosynthetic Anoxygenic Bacteria
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12
Phytoplankton of Alchichica: A Unique Community for an Oligotrophic Lake
Gloria Vilaclara, María Guadalupe Oliva-Martínez, Miroslav Macek, Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Cecilia López- Vázquez
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 The Phytoplankton of Lake Alchichica
12.2 Picophytoplankton
12.3 Nano- and Microphytoplankton
12.3.1 Particularities on the Composition of the Lake Alchichica's Larger Phytoplankton
12.3.2 A Yearly Dynamics for Phytoplankton
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Protozooplankton
Miroslav Macek, Ximena Sánchez-Medina, Gloria Vilaclara, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Fernando Bautista-Reyes and Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Flagellates
13.3 Ciliates as the Dominant Protozooplankton in the Warm Monomictic and Picophytoplankton-Rich Lake Alchichica
13.3.1 Saline- or freshwater communities?
13.4.1 Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Ciliate Assemblages: Are There True Pelagic Ciliates in the Anaerobic Hypolimnion?
13.4 Protozoan Interactions. What We Know About the Protozooplankton Feeding: Predator-Prey Interactions within Protozooplankton, Prokaryoplankton, and Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14
Metazooplankton: The Joys and Challenges of Living in a Saline, Oligotrophic, Warm Monomictic Lake
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, José Arturo Alcántara-Rodríguez, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Aideé Montiel-Martínez and Jorge Ciros-Pérez
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diversity and Taxonomic Issues
14.2.1 Brachionus sp. 'Mexico'
14.2.2 Hexarthra cf. jenkinae
14.2.3 Leptodiaptomus garciai
14.3 Temporal and Spatial Variation
14.3.1 Metazooplankton Density
14.3.2 Metazooplankton Biomass
14.4 Facing the Saline Environment
14.5 Resource Availability
14.6 On the Avoidance of Light and Visual Predation
14.6.1 Leptodiaptomus: A Normal DVM Pattern Limited by the Anoxic Hypolimnion
14.6.2 Brachionus and Hexarthra: The Law of the Least Effort
14.7 Lake Alchichica and the Evolution of Life-History Traits
14.7.1 Environmental Conditions Favor the Loss of Diapause Propagules
14.7.2 Leptodiaptomus: Phenotypic Plasticity to Temperature and Food
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15
Alchichica Silverside
Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Elsah Arce Uribe, Gerardo Pérez Ponce de León and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Atherinopsidae: Poblana alchichica
15.3 Distribution and Abundance
15.4 Growth and Reproduction
15.5 Trophic Aspects
15.6 Parasites of Poblana alchichica
15.7 Fishing Technique and Local Consumption
15.8 Conservation Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16
The Axolotl of Alchichica
Gabriela Parra-Olea, Rafael Alejandro Calzada-Arciniega, Víctor H. Jiménez-Arcos and Omar Hernádez-Ordóñez
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Amphibians from Lake Alchichica and nearby zones
16.3 Aquatic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma
16.3.1 Ambystoma taylori Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
16.3.2 Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888
16.4 Ambystoma velasci in the Cuenca Oriental
16.5 Conservation of Ambystoma species in the Cuenca Oriental
16.6 Other amphibians of the Oriental Basin
16.6.1 Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
16.6.2 Hyla eximia Baird, 1854
16.6.3 Hyla plicata Brocchi, 1877
16.6.4 Rana chichicuahutla Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz, and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996
16.6.5 Rana spectabilis Hillis and Frost, 1985
16.6.6 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863)
16.6.7 Pseudoeurycea sp.
16.7 Discussion
16.7.1 Amphibians of the Cuenca Oriental
16.7.2 Amphibian declines, and Ambystoma taylori
16.7.3 Chytridiomycosis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17
The Deep Benthic Zone
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera and María del Carmen Hernández
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Deepwater Physical and Chemical Properties
17.3 Deep Sediment Characteristics
17.4 Deep Benthos
17.4.1 Structure: Composition and Richness
17.4.2 Distribution and Seasonal Variations (Abundance and Biomass)
17.4.3 Population Structure
17.4.3.1 Candona alchichica
17.4.3.2 Chironomus alchichica
17.4.4 Strategies for Coping with Anoxia
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18
Lake Metabolism
Javier Alcocer, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniel Cuevas-Lara, Sandra Guadarrama-Hernández and Benjamín Quiróz-Martínez
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Primary Production and Respiration
18.2.1 The Light and Dark Bottles Method
18.2.2 In situ Natural Fluorescence Method
18.2.3 Long-Term Phytoplankton Primary Production
18.3 Chlorophyll
18.3.1 In situ Natural Fluorescence
18.3.2 Extracted Chl-a
18.3.3 The DCM
18.3.4 Size-Fractionated Chlorophyll
18.4 New and Regenerated Production
18.5 Nutrient Limitation of Primary Productivity
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19
Lake Food Webs
Elva Escobar and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Water Column
19.2.1 Microbial Loop
19.2.2 Microbial-Herbivorous Food Web
19.3 Pelagic-Benthic Coupling
19.4 The Deep Zone
19.5 Littoral Zone
19.6 Conclusions
19.7 Next Steps
References
Chapter 20
Diversity and Endemisms
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Gloria Vilaclara, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Miroslav Macek
Abstract
Keywords
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diversity and Endemic Species: A Fascinating, Never-Ending Story
20.3 How Many Species Do We Know In Lake Alchichica?
20.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21
Conservation Actions
Elva Escobar, Verónica A. Arellano-Peralta, Verónica Aguilar-Sierra and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Background Studies
21.3 Endemism and Conservation
21.4 Priority Hydrological Regions (RHP-CONABIO)
21.5 Long-Term Ecological Research Network
21.6 Protected Species
21.7 Protected Natural Area
21.8 Environmental Issues
21.8.1 Modification of the Water Dynamics of the Basin
21.8.2 Pollution
21.8.3 Introduction of Exotic Species and Extraction of Biota
21.8.4 Lake Alchichica Menaces
21.9 Conservation Prospects
21.10 Rationale for Prioritizing Biodiversity Conservation
21.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22
Microbialites: Diversity Hotspots in the Mexican Plateau
Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo, Bernardo Águila, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Carla M. Centeno, Margarita Reyes-Salas, Sonia Angeles-García, Yislem Beltrán, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Hoi-Ying N. Holman and Luisa I. Falcón
Abstract
Keywords
22.1 Overview
22.2 Research History
22.3 Microbialite Microbiology: Microbialites are Active Communities
22.4 Microbialites in Deep Waters
22.5 Cyanobacteria: Main Components of Microbialites
22.6 Biomineral Structures
22.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
22.7.1 Nitrogen Cycling
22.7.2 Phosphorus Cycling
22.7.3 Sulfur Cycling
22.7.4 Trace Metal-Microbe Interactions
22.8 Biodiversity Conservation Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23
The Lake Alchichica from an Astrobiological Perspective
Karina Elizabeth Cervantes-de la Cruz, Elizabeth Chacón Baca and Lilia Montoya
Abstract
Keywords
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Search for Life in the Solar System Begins on Earth
23.2.1 Extreme Environments and Habitability
23.2.2 Extreme Environments as Analog Environments
23.3 Biomarkers: Direct and Indirect Indicators of Life
23.3.1 Chemical Signals of Ancient Activity
23.3.2 Geological and Morphological Imprints
23.4 The Lake Alchichica Seen as a Planetary Feature
23.4.1 General Features
23.4.2 Geologic Origin and Evolution of Lake Alchichica
23.4.3 Hydration of Volcanic Glass
23.4.4 Morphometry of Lake Alchichica
23.5 The Analogies of Lake Alchichica with Terrestrial and Icy Worlds in the Solar System
23.5.1 Maar Systems in Mars and Titan
23.5.2 The Lake Alchichica as an Analogous Environment of Enceladus Ocean
23.6 Geobiological Processes in Lake Alchichica: Implications for Life in the Precambrian
23.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24
Lake Alchichica Traditions, Myths, and Legends: Interviews with Local Residents
Verónica A. Arellano Peralta, Ángel Arellano Peralta and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
24.1 Introduction
24.2 A Lake with Blue and Green Hues
24.3 A Glimpse of the Past
24.4 The Silver-Haired Mermaid and the Goblins ("Duendes")
24.5 The Charms
24.6 Lake Alchichica, a UFO Base
24.7 The Infestation of Tiger Salamanders
24.8 Water Snake and Rain of Silversides ("charales")
24.9 Living Next to the Crater
24.10 The Giant Axolotl of Alchichica
24.11 La Llorona
24.12 The Ancient City of Cantona
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Lake Alchichica: History of Human Settlements
Ismael Arturo Montero-García and Roberto Esteban Junco-Sánchez
Abstract
Key words
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prehispanic Records
1.3 Colonial Period
1.4. 19th and 20th Centuries
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez and Boris Chako-Tchamabé
Abstract
Key words
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regional Geological Setting
2.3 Maar Crater Lakes: Origin and Mechanisms of Formation
2.4 Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Alchichica Crater
2.5 Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Paleoenvironmental Change in Central Mexico During the Last 20,000 Years
Margarita Caballero, Ma. del Socorro Lozano-García and Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero
Abstract
Key words
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Quaternary Climatic Variability
3.3. Overview of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Central Mexico Since the Last Glacial Maximum
3.3.1 Full Glacial (20,000 to 15,000 yr BP)
3.3.2 Deglaciation (15,000 - 11,700 yr BP)
3.3.3 Holocene (last 11,700 yr BP)
3.4 Lake Aljojuca: A Record of Climatic Variability During the Meghalayan in the Cuenca de Oriental
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Recent Climate of Serdán-Oriental Basin
Raúl Alberto Silva-Aguilera, Óscar Escolero and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Key words
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate in Serdán-Oriental Basin
4.3 Vegetation
4.4 Temperature and Precipitation Seasonality and Annual Variability
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Serdán-Oriental Basin and the Lake Alchichica
Raúl A. Silva-Aguilera, Gloria Vilaclara, María Aurora Armienta and Óscar Escolero
Abstract
Key words
5.1 The Catchment Area: Surface and Groundwater
5.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater in the Vicinity of Lake Alchichica
5.3 Past and Present Hydrochemical Characteristics
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6
Meteorological Regime, Local Climate, and Hydrodynamics of Lake Alchichica
Anatoliy Filonov, Irina Tereshchenko, Maria del Refugio Barba-Lopez, Javier Alcocer and Lydia Ladah
Abstract
Key words
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Hydrodynamic modeling in Lake Alchichica
6.2 Local climatology
6.2.1 Variability from one hour to a day (2002-2005)
6.2.2 Synoptic variability
6.2.3 Seasonal variability
6.2.4 Interannual variability
6.2.5 The effect of rain on lake stratification
6.3 Bathymetry and morphology
6.4. Hydrodynamics (measurements and modeling)
6.4.1 Lake level and current fluctuations
6.4.2 Internal waves in the lake
6.4.2.1. Fluctuations of water along the line of hydrological survey
6.4.2.2 Stratification
6.4.2.3 Temperature fluctuations in two separate points (moorings 1 and 2)
6.4.2.4 The speed of currents caused by internal waves
6.4.2.5 Trajectories of beams
6.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Physicochemical Characteristics
Javier Alcocer, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval, Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias, M. Guadalupe Pérez-Ramírez
Abstract
Key words
7.1 Underwater Light Climate
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.1.1 Photosynthetic Active Radiation
7.1.1.1 Secchi Disk Depth
7.1.1.2 Euphotic Zone
7.1.2 Ultraviolet Radiation
References
7.2 Temperature and the Thermal Regime
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.2.1 Temperature
7.2.2 The Thermal Regime
7.2.3 Temperature Diel Cycle
References
7.3 Dissolved Oxygen
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
7.3.2 Anoxic Layer
7.3.3 DO Diel Cycle
References
7.4. Nutrients
Jorge A. Ramirez-Zierold, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Andrea P. Guzman-Arias, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval and M.G. Perez-Ramirez
7.4.1 Phosphorous
7.4.2. Nitrogen
7.4.3 Silica
7.4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry
References
7.5 Dissolved and particulate carbon
Daniela Cortés Guzmán, Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.5.1 Dissolved carbon
7.5.1.1 Total Dissolved Carbon
7.5.1.2. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
7.5.1.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon
7.5.2 Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.1 Total Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon
7.5.2.3 Particulate Inorganic Carbon
7.5.2.4 DOC:POC Relationship
References
Chapter 8
The Littoral Environment
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
Abstract
Key words
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water Physical and Chemical Properties
8.3 Sediment Characteristics
8.4 Environmental Heterogeneity and Habitats
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9
Aquatic Vegetation
Elia Matías-Hernández and Pedro Ramírez-García
Abstract
Key words
9.1 Hydrophytes. Definition and Delimitation of the Group
9.2 Aquatic Flora and Vegetation of Mexico
9.3 Hydrophyte Flora of Lake Alchichica. Composition and Distribution
9.3.1 Cyperaceae
9.3.2 Juncaceae
9.3.3 Ruppiaceae
9.4 Subaquatic and Submerged Vegetation of Lake Alchichica
9.5 Importance and Conservation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
The Littoral Community
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
Abstract
Key words
10.1 The littoral zoobenthos
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
10.1.1 Background studies
10.1.2 Structure: Composition and Richness
10.1.3 Distribution and Seasonal Variations
10.1.4 Function and Trophic Complexity
10.1.5 Cryptic fauna
References
10.2 Littoral heterotrophic protist
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Javier Alcocer and Elva Escobar
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Trophic groups
References
10.3 Littoral diatoms
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Ma. del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Species Richness
10.3.3 Temporal, Spatial, and by Substrate Variation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11
Bacterioplankton
Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Miroslav Macek, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Juan Arellano-Posadas and Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Key words
11.1 Study approaches
11.1.1 Microscopic Techniques (Direct Counts, FISH)
11.1.2 Culture-Independent Gene Marker Surveys
11.2 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Heterotrophic Picoplankton
11.3 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Photosynthetic Anoxygenic Bacteria
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12
Phytoplankton of Alchichica: A Unique Community for an Oligotrophic Lake
Gloria Vilaclara, María Guadalupe Oliva-Martínez, Miroslav Macek, Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Cecilia López- Vázquez
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 The Phytoplankton of Lake Alchichica
12.2 Picophytoplankton
12.3 Nano- and Microphytoplankton
12.3.1 Particularities on the Composition of the Lake Alchichica's Larger Phytoplankton
12.3.2 A Yearly Dynamics for Phytoplankton
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Protozooplankton
Miroslav Macek, Ximena Sánchez-Medina, Gloria Vilaclara, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Fernando Bautista-Reyes and Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Flagellates
13.3 Ciliates as the Dominant Protozooplankton in the Warm Monomictic and Picophytoplankton-Rich Lake Alchichica
13.3.1 Saline- or freshwater communities?
13.4.1 Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Ciliate Assemblages: Are There True Pelagic Ciliates in the Anaerobic Hypolimnion?
13.4 Protozoan Interactions. What We Know About the Protozooplankton Feeding: Predator-Prey Interactions within Protozooplankton, Prokaryoplankton, and Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14
Metazooplankton: The Joys and Challenges of Living in a Saline, Oligotrophic, Warm Monomictic Lake
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, José Arturo Alcántara-Rodríguez, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Aideé Montiel-Martínez and Jorge Ciros-Pérez
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diversity and Taxonomic Issues
14.2.1 Brachionus sp. 'Mexico'
14.2.2 Hexarthra cf. jenkinae
14.2.3 Leptodiaptomus garciai
14.3 Temporal and Spatial Variation
14.3.1 Metazooplankton Density
14.3.2 Metazooplankton Biomass
14.4 Facing the Saline Environment
14.5 Resource Availability
14.6 On the Avoidance of Light and Visual Predation
14.6.1 Leptodiaptomus: A Normal DVM Pattern Limited by the Anoxic Hypolimnion
14.6.2 Brachionus and Hexarthra: The Law of the Least Effort
14.7 Lake Alchichica and the Evolution of Life-History Traits
14.7.1 Environmental Conditions Favor the Loss of Diapause Propagules
14.7.2 Leptodiaptomus: Phenotypic Plasticity to Temperature and Food
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15
Alchichica Silverside
Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Elsah Arce Uribe, Gerardo Pérez Ponce de León and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Atherinopsidae: Poblana alchichica
15.3 Distribution and Abundance
15.4 Growth and Reproduction
15.5 Trophic Aspects
15.6 Parasites of Poblana alchichica
15.7 Fishing Technique and Local Consumption
15.8 Conservation Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16
The Axolotl of Alchichica
Gabriela Parra-Olea, Rafael Alejandro Calzada-Arciniega, Víctor H. Jiménez-Arcos and Omar Hernádez-Ordóñez
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Amphibians from Lake Alchichica and nearby zones
16.3 Aquatic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma
16.3.1 Ambystoma taylori Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
16.3.2 Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888
16.4 Ambystoma velasci in the Cuenca Oriental
16.5 Conservation of Ambystoma species in the Cuenca Oriental
16.6 Other amphibians of the Oriental Basin
16.6.1 Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
16.6.2 Hyla eximia Baird, 1854
16.6.3 Hyla plicata Brocchi, 1877
16.6.4 Rana chichicuahutla Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz, and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996
16.6.5 Rana spectabilis Hillis and Frost, 1985
16.6.6 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863)
16.6.7 Pseudoeurycea sp.
16.7 Discussion
16.7.1 Amphibians of the Cuenca Oriental
16.7.2 Amphibian declines, and Ambystoma taylori
16.7.3 Chytridiomycosis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17
The Deep Benthic Zone
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera and María del Carmen Hernández
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Deepwater Physical and Chemical Properties
17.3 Deep Sediment Characteristics
17.4 Deep Benthos
17.4.1 Structure: Composition and Richness
17.4.2 Distribution and Seasonal Variations (Abundance and Biomass)
17.4.3 Population Structure
17.4.3.1 Candona alchichica
17.4.3.2 Chironomus alchichica
17.4.4 Strategies for Coping with Anoxia
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18
Lake Metabolism
Javier Alcocer, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniel Cuevas-Lara, Sandra Guadarrama-Hernández and Benjamín Quiróz-Martínez
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Primary Production and Respiration
18.2.1 The Light and Dark Bottles Method
18.2.2 In situ Natural Fluorescence Method
18.2.3 Long-Term Phytoplankton Primary Production
18.3 Chlorophyll
18.3.1 In situ Natural Fluorescence
18.3.2 Extracted Chl-a
18.3.3 The DCM
18.3.4 Size-Fractionated Chlorophyll
18.4 New and Regenerated Production
18.5 Nutrient Limitation of Primary Productivity
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19
Lake Food Webs
Elva Escobar and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Water Column
19.2.1 Microbial Loop
19.2.2 Microbial-Herbivorous Food Web
19.3 Pelagic-Benthic Coupling
19.4 The Deep Zone
19.5 Littoral Zone
19.6 Conclusions
19.7 Next Steps
References
Chapter 20
Diversity and Endemisms
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Gloria Vilaclara, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Miroslav Macek
Abstract
Keywords
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diversity and Endemic Species: A Fascinating, Never-Ending Story
20.3 How Many Species Do We Know In Lake Alchichica?
20.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21
Conservation Actions
Elva Escobar, Verónica A. Arellano-Peralta, Verónica Aguilar-Sierra and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Background Studies
21.3 Endemism and Conservation
21.4 Priority Hydrological Regions (RHP-CONABIO)
21.5 Long-Term Ecological Research Network
21.6 Protected Species
21.7 Protected Natural Area
21.8 Environmental Issues
21.8.1 Modification of the Water Dynamics of the Basin
21.8.2 Pollution
21.8.3 Introduction of Exotic Species and Extraction of Biota
21.8.4 Lake Alchichica Menaces
21.9 Conservation Prospects
21.10 Rationale for Prioritizing Biodiversity Conservation
21.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22
Microbialites: Diversity Hotspots in the Mexican Plateau
Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo, Bernardo Águila, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Carla M. Centeno, Margarita Reyes-Salas, Sonia Angeles-García, Yislem Beltrán, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Hoi-Ying N. Holman and Luisa I. Falcón
Abstract
Keywords
22.1 Overview
22.2 Research History
22.3 Microbialite Microbiology: Microbialites are Active Communities
22.4 Microbialites in Deep Waters
22.5 Cyanobacteria: Main Components of Microbialites
22.6 Biomineral Structures
22.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
22.7.1 Nitrogen Cycling
22.7.2 Phosphorus Cycling
22.7.3 Sulfur Cycling
22.7.4 Trace Metal-Microbe Interactions
22.8 Biodiversity Conservation Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23
The Lake Alchichica from an Astrobiological Perspective
Karina Elizabeth Cervantes-de la Cruz, Elizabeth Chacón Baca and Lilia Montoya
Abstract
Keywords
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Search for Life in the Solar System Begins on Earth
23.2.1 Extreme Environments and Habitability
23.2.2 Extreme Environments as Analog Environments
23.3 Biomarkers: Direct and Indirect Indicators of Life
23.3.1 Chemical Signals of Ancient Activity
23.3.2 Geological and Morphological Imprints
23.4 The Lake Alchichica Seen as a Planetary Feature
23.4.1 General Features
23.4.2 Geologic Origin and Evolution of Lake Alchichica
23.4.3 Hydration of Volcanic Glass
23.4.4 Morphometry of Lake Alchichica
23.5 The Analogies of Lake Alchichica with Terrestrial and Icy Worlds in the Solar System
23.5.1 Maar Systems in Mars and Titan
23.5.2 The Lake Alchichica as an Analogous Environment of Enceladus Ocean
23.6 Geobiological Processes in Lake Alchichica: Implications for Life in the Precambrian
23.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24
Lake Alchichica Traditions, Myths, and Legends: Interviews with Local Residents
Verónica A. Arellano Peralta, Ángel Arellano Peralta and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
24.1 Introduction
24.2 A Lake with Blue and Green Hues
24.3 A Glimpse of the Past
24.4 The Silver-Haired Mermaid and the Goblins ("Duendes")
24.5 The Charms
24.6 Lake Alchichica, a UFO Base
24.7 The Infestation of Tiger Salamanders
24.8 Water Snake and Rain of Silversides ("charales")
24.9 Living Next to the Crater
24.10 The Giant Axolotl of Alchichica
24.11 La Llorona
24.12 The Ancient City of Cantona
Acknowledgments
Lake Alchichica: History of Human Settlements
Ismael Arturo Montero-García and Roberto Esteban Junco-Sánchez
Abstract
Key words
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prehispanic Records
1.3 Colonial Period
1.4. 19th and 20th Centuries
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez and Boris Chako-Tchamabé
Abstract
Key words
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regional Geological Setting
2.3 Maar Crater Lakes: Origin and Mechanisms of Formation
2.4 Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Alchichica Crater
2.5 Geological Evolution of the Alchichica Crater
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Paleoenvironmental Change in Central Mexico During the Last 20,000 Years
Margarita Caballero, Ma. del Socorro Lozano-García and Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero
Abstract
Key words
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Quaternary Climatic Variability
3.3. Overview of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Central Mexico Since the Last Glacial Maximum
3.3.1 Full Glacial (20,000 to 15,000 yr BP)
3.3.2 Deglaciation (15,000 - 11,700 yr BP)
3.3.3 Holocene (last 11,700 yr BP)
3.4 Lake Aljojuca: A Record of Climatic Variability During the Meghalayan in the Cuenca de Oriental
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Recent Climate of Serdán-Oriental Basin
Raúl Alberto Silva-Aguilera, Óscar Escolero and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Key words
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate in Serdán-Oriental Basin
4.3 Vegetation
4.4 Temperature and Precipitation Seasonality and Annual Variability
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Serdán-Oriental Basin and the Lake Alchichica
Raúl A. Silva-Aguilera, Gloria Vilaclara, María Aurora Armienta and Óscar Escolero
Abstract
Key words
5.1 The Catchment Area: Surface and Groundwater
5.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater in the Vicinity of Lake Alchichica
5.3 Past and Present Hydrochemical Characteristics
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6
Meteorological Regime, Local Climate, and Hydrodynamics of Lake Alchichica
Anatoliy Filonov, Irina Tereshchenko, Maria del Refugio Barba-Lopez, Javier Alcocer and Lydia Ladah
Abstract
Key words
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Hydrodynamic modeling in Lake Alchichica
6.2 Local climatology
6.2.1 Variability from one hour to a day (2002-2005)
6.2.2 Synoptic variability
6.2.3 Seasonal variability
6.2.4 Interannual variability
6.2.5 The effect of rain on lake stratification
6.3 Bathymetry and morphology
6.4. Hydrodynamics (measurements and modeling)
6.4.1 Lake level and current fluctuations
6.4.2 Internal waves in the lake
6.4.2.1. Fluctuations of water along the line of hydrological survey
6.4.2.2 Stratification
6.4.2.3 Temperature fluctuations in two separate points (moorings 1 and 2)
6.4.2.4 The speed of currents caused by internal waves
6.4.2.5 Trajectories of beams
6.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Physicochemical Characteristics
Javier Alcocer, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval, Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias, M. Guadalupe Pérez-Ramírez
Abstract
Key words
7.1 Underwater Light Climate
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.1.1 Photosynthetic Active Radiation
7.1.1.1 Secchi Disk Depth
7.1.1.2 Euphotic Zone
7.1.2 Ultraviolet Radiation
References
7.2 Temperature and the Thermal Regime
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.2.1 Temperature
7.2.2 The Thermal Regime
7.2.3 Temperature Diel Cycle
References
7.3 Dissolved Oxygen
Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
7.3.2 Anoxic Layer
7.3.3 DO Diel Cycle
References
7.4. Nutrients
Jorge A. Ramirez-Zierold, Martín Merino-Ibarra, Andrea P. Guzman-Arias, F. Sergio Castillo-Sandoval and M.G. Perez-Ramirez
7.4.1 Phosphorous
7.4.2. Nitrogen
7.4.3 Silica
7.4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry
References
7.5 Dissolved and particulate carbon
Daniela Cortés Guzmán, Javier Alcocer and Luis A. Oseguera
7.5.1 Dissolved carbon
7.5.1.1 Total Dissolved Carbon
7.5.1.2. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
7.5.1.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon
7.5.2 Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.1 Total Particulate Carbon
7.5.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon
7.5.2.3 Particulate Inorganic Carbon
7.5.2.4 DOC:POC Relationship
References
Chapter 8
The Littoral Environment
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
Abstract
Key words
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water Physical and Chemical Properties
8.3 Sediment Characteristics
8.4 Environmental Heterogeneity and Habitats
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9
Aquatic Vegetation
Elia Matías-Hernández and Pedro Ramírez-García
Abstract
Key words
9.1 Hydrophytes. Definition and Delimitation of the Group
9.2 Aquatic Flora and Vegetation of Mexico
9.3 Hydrophyte Flora of Lake Alchichica. Composition and Distribution
9.3.1 Cyperaceae
9.3.2 Juncaceae
9.3.3 Ruppiaceae
9.4 Subaquatic and Submerged Vegetation of Lake Alchichica
9.5 Importance and Conservation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
The Littoral Community
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
Abstract
Key words
10.1 The littoral zoobenthos
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar and Luis A. Oseguera
10.1.1 Background studies
10.1.2 Structure: Composition and Richness
10.1.3 Distribution and Seasonal Variations
10.1.4 Function and Trophic Complexity
10.1.5 Cryptic fauna
References
10.2 Littoral heterotrophic protist
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, María del Rosario Sánchez, Javier Alcocer and Elva Escobar
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Trophic groups
References
10.3 Littoral diatoms
Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Ma. del Rosario Sánchez, Laura Peralta, Mónica Cuellar and María Guadalupe Oliva
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Species Richness
10.3.3 Temporal, Spatial, and by Substrate Variation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11
Bacterioplankton
Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Miroslav Macek, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Juan Arellano-Posadas and Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Key words
11.1 Study approaches
11.1.1 Microscopic Techniques (Direct Counts, FISH)
11.1.2 Culture-Independent Gene Marker Surveys
11.2 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Heterotrophic Picoplankton
11.3 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Photosynthetic Anoxygenic Bacteria
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12
Phytoplankton of Alchichica: A Unique Community for an Oligotrophic Lake
Gloria Vilaclara, María Guadalupe Oliva-Martínez, Miroslav Macek, Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Cecilia López- Vázquez
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 The Phytoplankton of Lake Alchichica
12.2 Picophytoplankton
12.3 Nano- and Microphytoplankton
12.3.1 Particularities on the Composition of the Lake Alchichica's Larger Phytoplankton
12.3.2 A Yearly Dynamics for Phytoplankton
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Protozooplankton
Miroslav Macek, Ximena Sánchez-Medina, Gloria Vilaclara, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Fernando Bautista-Reyes and Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Flagellates
13.3 Ciliates as the Dominant Protozooplankton in the Warm Monomictic and Picophytoplankton-Rich Lake Alchichica
13.3.1 Saline- or freshwater communities?
13.4.1 Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Ciliate Assemblages: Are There True Pelagic Ciliates in the Anaerobic Hypolimnion?
13.4 Protozoan Interactions. What We Know About the Protozooplankton Feeding: Predator-Prey Interactions within Protozooplankton, Prokaryoplankton, and Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14
Metazooplankton: The Joys and Challenges of Living in a Saline, Oligotrophic, Warm Monomictic Lake
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, José Arturo Alcántara-Rodríguez, Alfonso Lugo-Vázquez, Aideé Montiel-Martínez and Jorge Ciros-Pérez
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diversity and Taxonomic Issues
14.2.1 Brachionus sp. 'Mexico'
14.2.2 Hexarthra cf. jenkinae
14.2.3 Leptodiaptomus garciai
14.3 Temporal and Spatial Variation
14.3.1 Metazooplankton Density
14.3.2 Metazooplankton Biomass
14.4 Facing the Saline Environment
14.5 Resource Availability
14.6 On the Avoidance of Light and Visual Predation
14.6.1 Leptodiaptomus: A Normal DVM Pattern Limited by the Anoxic Hypolimnion
14.6.2 Brachionus and Hexarthra: The Law of the Least Effort
14.7 Lake Alchichica and the Evolution of Life-History Traits
14.7.1 Environmental Conditions Favor the Loss of Diapause Propagules
14.7.2 Leptodiaptomus: Phenotypic Plasticity to Temperature and Food
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15
Alchichica Silverside
Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Elsah Arce Uribe, Gerardo Pérez Ponce de León and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Atherinopsidae: Poblana alchichica
15.3 Distribution and Abundance
15.4 Growth and Reproduction
15.5 Trophic Aspects
15.6 Parasites of Poblana alchichica
15.7 Fishing Technique and Local Consumption
15.8 Conservation Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16
The Axolotl of Alchichica
Gabriela Parra-Olea, Rafael Alejandro Calzada-Arciniega, Víctor H. Jiménez-Arcos and Omar Hernádez-Ordóñez
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Amphibians from Lake Alchichica and nearby zones
16.3 Aquatic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma
16.3.1 Ambystoma taylori Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
16.3.2 Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888
16.4 Ambystoma velasci in the Cuenca Oriental
16.5 Conservation of Ambystoma species in the Cuenca Oriental
16.6 Other amphibians of the Oriental Basin
16.6.1 Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
16.6.2 Hyla eximia Baird, 1854
16.6.3 Hyla plicata Brocchi, 1877
16.6.4 Rana chichicuahutla Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz, and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996
16.6.5 Rana spectabilis Hillis and Frost, 1985
16.6.6 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863)
16.6.7 Pseudoeurycea sp.
16.7 Discussion
16.7.1 Amphibians of the Cuenca Oriental
16.7.2 Amphibian declines, and Ambystoma taylori
16.7.3 Chytridiomycosis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17
The Deep Benthic Zone
Javier Alcocer, Elva Escobar, Luis A. Oseguera and María del Carmen Hernández
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Deepwater Physical and Chemical Properties
17.3 Deep Sediment Characteristics
17.4 Deep Benthos
17.4.1 Structure: Composition and Richness
17.4.2 Distribution and Seasonal Variations (Abundance and Biomass)
17.4.3 Population Structure
17.4.3.1 Candona alchichica
17.4.3.2 Chironomus alchichica
17.4.4 Strategies for Coping with Anoxia
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18
Lake Metabolism
Javier Alcocer, Luis A. Oseguera, Daniel Cuevas-Lara, Sandra Guadarrama-Hernández and Benjamín Quiróz-Martínez
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Primary Production and Respiration
18.2.1 The Light and Dark Bottles Method
18.2.2 In situ Natural Fluorescence Method
18.2.3 Long-Term Phytoplankton Primary Production
18.3 Chlorophyll
18.3.1 In situ Natural Fluorescence
18.3.2 Extracted Chl-a
18.3.3 The DCM
18.3.4 Size-Fractionated Chlorophyll
18.4 New and Regenerated Production
18.5 Nutrient Limitation of Primary Productivity
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19
Lake Food Webs
Elva Escobar and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Water Column
19.2.1 Microbial Loop
19.2.2 Microbial-Herbivorous Food Web
19.3 Pelagic-Benthic Coupling
19.4 The Deep Zone
19.5 Littoral Zone
19.6 Conclusions
19.7 Next Steps
References
Chapter 20
Diversity and Endemisms
Elizabeth Ortega-Mayagoitia, Gloria Vilaclara, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández and Miroslav Macek
Abstract
Keywords
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diversity and Endemic Species: A Fascinating, Never-Ending Story
20.3 How Many Species Do We Know In Lake Alchichica?
20.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21
Conservation Actions
Elva Escobar, Verónica A. Arellano-Peralta, Verónica Aguilar-Sierra and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Background Studies
21.3 Endemism and Conservation
21.4 Priority Hydrological Regions (RHP-CONABIO)
21.5 Long-Term Ecological Research Network
21.6 Protected Species
21.7 Protected Natural Area
21.8 Environmental Issues
21.8.1 Modification of the Water Dynamics of the Basin
21.8.2 Pollution
21.8.3 Introduction of Exotic Species and Extraction of Biota
21.8.4 Lake Alchichica Menaces
21.9 Conservation Prospects
21.10 Rationale for Prioritizing Biodiversity Conservation
21.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22
Microbialites: Diversity Hotspots in the Mexican Plateau
Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo, Bernardo Águila, Jesús Torres-Huesca, Carla M. Centeno, Margarita Reyes-Salas, Sonia Angeles-García, Yislem Beltrán, Rocío J. Alcántara-Hernández, Hoi-Ying N. Holman and Luisa I. Falcón
Abstract
Keywords
22.1 Overview
22.2 Research History
22.3 Microbialite Microbiology: Microbialites are Active Communities
22.4 Microbialites in Deep Waters
22.5 Cyanobacteria: Main Components of Microbialites
22.6 Biomineral Structures
22.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
22.7.1 Nitrogen Cycling
22.7.2 Phosphorus Cycling
22.7.3 Sulfur Cycling
22.7.4 Trace Metal-Microbe Interactions
22.8 Biodiversity Conservation Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23
The Lake Alchichica from an Astrobiological Perspective
Karina Elizabeth Cervantes-de la Cruz, Elizabeth Chacón Baca and Lilia Montoya
Abstract
Keywords
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Search for Life in the Solar System Begins on Earth
23.2.1 Extreme Environments and Habitability
23.2.2 Extreme Environments as Analog Environments
23.3 Biomarkers: Direct and Indirect Indicators of Life
23.3.1 Chemical Signals of Ancient Activity
23.3.2 Geological and Morphological Imprints
23.4 The Lake Alchichica Seen as a Planetary Feature
23.4.1 General Features
23.4.2 Geologic Origin and Evolution of Lake Alchichica
23.4.3 Hydration of Volcanic Glass
23.4.4 Morphometry of Lake Alchichica
23.5 The Analogies of Lake Alchichica with Terrestrial and Icy Worlds in the Solar System
23.5.1 Maar Systems in Mars and Titan
23.5.2 The Lake Alchichica as an Analogous Environment of Enceladus Ocean
23.6 Geobiological Processes in Lake Alchichica: Implications for Life in the Precambrian
23.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24
Lake Alchichica Traditions, Myths, and Legends: Interviews with Local Residents
Verónica A. Arellano Peralta, Ángel Arellano Peralta and Javier Alcocer
Abstract
Keywords
24.1 Introduction
24.2 A Lake with Blue and Green Hues
24.3 A Glimpse of the Past
24.4 The Silver-Haired Mermaid and the Goblins ("Duendes")
24.5 The Charms
24.6 Lake Alchichica, a UFO Base
24.7 The Infestation of Tiger Salamanders
24.8 Water Snake and Rain of Silversides ("charales")
24.9 Living Next to the Crater
24.10 The Giant Axolotl of Alchichica
24.11 La Llorona
24.12 The Ancient City of Cantona
Acknowledgments