The land and the water resources are central to agriculture and rural development, and are intrinsically linked to global challenges of food insecurity and poverty, climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as degradation and depletion of natural resources that affect the poor quality of life. The Rajampeta area, which is the revenue division of North Pennar River of semi-arid and backward region of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India is essentially agrarian-based and availability of water of requisite quantity and quality both in space and time is the major constraint for its development. In the above context, a critical scientific study of the land and water resources of this specific area was made by the author through an interdisciplinary approach. The objective and comprehensive information and analyses on the current state, trends and challenges facing by the aforementioned area are discussed in detail in this book. In addition, the specific recommendations were also mentioned, to bring out all round development of this region by way of obtaining maximum long-range benefit out of land and water resources for the betterment of common man.