A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka area of Zamfara State, north western Nigeria which became a matter of public concern in 2010 which led to the dead of over 400 people including children. Since then widespread Artisanal gold mining and associated Pb-Zn sulphide ore has continued unhindered without adhering to best practices in mining with adverse environmental and human health consequences. Lead and Mercury released into the environment through this activity constitute serious human health hazards and has led to the extreme contamination of the top soils and subsequently sources of drinking water thereby contaminating them. The book's main goal, apart from raising awareness, is to contribute towards reducing the environmental and health impact of artisanal mining in the affected areas so as secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being of the surrounding mining communities.