Strategies are referred to as learning techniques, behaviors, or actions; or learning- to-learn, problem-solving, or study skills. No matter what they are called, strategies can make learning more efficient and effective. Research by O'Malley and Chamot (1990) also showed that the effective use of particular learning strategies can positively affect language acquisition and is an indicator of successful learners. Furthermore, they recognized that these activities might be learned from, and that the concept of successful learners undertaking strategies that assisted with their success was in contrast with the earlier notion that good language learners possessed an inherent ability for language learning.