The purpose of this book is to provide reference material that includes current developments along with a future outlook on the topic. It is divided into two sections; "Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects" and "Trends and Applications". Part I contains four chapters that provide an overview and systematically discuss the physical morphology, suitability and extraction aspects of lichens and their secondary metabolites. Part II includes eight chapters that give in-depth insights on recent and valuable applications of lichen and their obtained products in several applied sectors,…mehr
The purpose of this book is to provide reference material that includes current developments along with a future outlook on the topic. It is divided into two sections; "Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects" and "Trends and Applications". Part I contains four chapters that provide an overview and systematically discuss the physical morphology, suitability and extraction aspects of lichens and their secondary metabolites. Part II includes eight chapters that give in-depth insights on recent and valuable applications of lichen and their obtained products in several applied sectors, including ethnopharmacology, therapeutics, paper and dye, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, herbal industries, etc.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Mohd Yusuf received his PhD from the Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2013. He is now an Assistant Professor at D/O Chemistry, YMD College, M. D. University, Nuh, Haryana, India. He has published more than 50 publications including research and review articles, as well as book chapters in edited volumes. He edited Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing (Wiley-Scrivener) in 2018.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xiii
Part 1: Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects 1
1 An Overview on Lichen's Morphology, Chemistry of Derived Products, and Current Scenario 3 Mohd Yusuf
1.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus 10
1.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products 10
1.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof 18
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 23
References 24
2 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens 27 Patricia Forbes, Leandri van der Wat and Johanna Strumpher
2.1 Introduction 28
2.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds 29
2.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants 29
2.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites 29
2.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction 44
2.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants 45
2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction 45
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 46
2.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 50
2.3.4 QuEChERS 51
2.3.5 Other Extraction Methods 52
2.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites 53
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches 54
2.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction 54
2.4.1.2 Shaking 54
2.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction 54
2.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites 54
2.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction 54
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 55
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 55
2.4.2.4 QuEChERS 55
2.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction 56
2.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods 56
2.5 Extract Cleanup 57
2.6 Analysis of Lichen Extracts 59
2.6.1 GC 59
2.6.2 LC 60
2.6.3 Other Analytical Methods 61
2.7 Conclusion 63
References 65
3 Review on Advanced Methods for Extraction and Identification of Nature-Derived Bioactive and Economic Products 75 Sudarshana Deepa Vijaykumar
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction 76
3.2.1 Effect of Solubility and Mass Transfer 77
3.2.2 Lowering the Surface Equilibrium 77
3.3 Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Extraction 78
3.4 Microwave Extraction 79
3.4.1 Solvent Composition 81
3.4.2 Solvent Volume 81
3.4.3 Temperature 81
3.4.4 Extraction Time 82
3.4.5 Biomass Characteristics and Water Content 82
3.5 Ultrasound-Microwave Mixed 82
3.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction 83
3.7 Enzyme Supported Extraction 85
3.7.1 The Types and Characteristics of Enzyme 85
3.7.2 The Breakdown of Cell Walls by Enzyme 86
3.8 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction 87
3.9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 89
3.9.1 Supercritical Fluid (SCF) 90
3.9.2 Properties of SCF 90
3.10 Modern Identification Methods Based on Spectroscopy Approach 91
3.10.1 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) 91
3.10.2 NMR Spectroscopy 92
3.10.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 92
3.10.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 93
3.11 Conclusion 94
References 94
4 Lichens and Lichenology: Historical and Economic Prospects 101 Munesh Sharma and Aash Mohammad
1.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus 10
1.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products 10
1.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof 18
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 23
References 24
2 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens 27 Patricia Forbes, Leandri van der Wat and Johanna Strumpher
2.1 Introduction 28
2.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds 29
2.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants 29
2.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites 29
2.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction 44
2.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants 45
2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction 45
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 46
2.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 50
2.3.4 QuEChERS 51
2.3.5 Other Extraction Methods 52
2.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites 53
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches 54
2.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction 54
2.4.1.2 Shaking 54
2.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction 54
2.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites 54
2.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction 54
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 55
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 55
2.4.2.4 QuEChERS 55
2.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction 56
2.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods 56
2.5 Extract Cleanup 57
2.6 Analysis of Lichen Extracts 59
2.6.1 GC 59
2.6.2 LC 60
2.6.3 Other Analytical Methods 61
2.7 Conclusion 63
References 65
3 Review on Advanced Methods for Extraction and Identification of Nature-Derived Bioactive and Economic Products 75 Sudarshana Deepa Vijaykumar
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction 76
3.2.1 Effect of Solubility and Mass Transfer 77
3.2.2 Lowering the Surface Equilibrium 77
3.3 Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Extraction 78
3.4 Microwave Extraction 79
3.4.1 Solvent Composition 81
3.4.2 Solvent Volume 81
3.4.3 Temperature 81
3.4.4 Extraction Time 82
3.4.5 Biomass Characteristics and Water Content 82
3.5 Ultrasound-Microwave Mixed 82
3.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction 83
3.7 Enzyme Supported Extraction 85
3.7.1 The Types and Characteristics of Enzyme 85
3.7.2 The Breakdown of Cell Walls by Enzyme 86
3.8 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction 87
3.9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 89
3.9.1 Supercritical Fluid (SCF) 90
3.9.2 Properties of SCF 90
3.10 Modern Identification Methods Based on Spectroscopy Approach 91
3.10.1 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) 91
3.10.2 NMR Spectroscopy 92
3.10.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 92
3.10.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 93
3.11 Conclusion 94
References 94
4 Lichens and Lichenology: Historical and Economic Prospects 101 Munesh Sharma and Aash Mohammad
4.1 Historical Prospects of Lichens 101 <
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